Practical  and  Efficient 

SPINNING 


Reprint  of  Articles  which  Appeared  on  the 

Discussion  Pages  of  the  Southern  Textile 

Bulletin  During  February,   1913,  and 

WHICH  WERE  Submitted  in  Competition 

FOR  THE  Best  Practical  Article 

on  Practical  and  Efficient 

Spinning 


PRICE 

50    CENTS 


Clark  Publishing  Co.,       Charlotte,  N.  C. 


Tho  Judges 

A.  A.  Freeman, 

Overseer  Spinning,  Riverside  Mills, 
Danville,  Va. 

M.  R.  Vick, 

Supt.  Little  River  Mfg.  Co., 
Willardville,  N.  C. 

M.  T.  Grimes, 

Supt.  Chadwick-Hoskins  Mill  No.  5, 
Pineville,  N.  G. 

J.  R.  Donaldson, 

Supt.  Fairfield   Mills, 
Winnsboro,  S.  C. 

W.  O.  Tal/ent, 

Supt.  Aldora  Mills, 
Barnesville.  Ga. 


INDEX 


Pags 

A.  C.  Atkinson    5L 

R.  H.  Banks 23 

VV.    W.   Becknell    •• 10 

R.  J.   Belue    14 

B.  \V.    Bingham    •  • 

F.  E.  Blair 34 

A    H.  BouknighL    45 

G.  iM.   Bovvden 2' 

G.   F.   Brietz 4 

G.    W.    Brigman    39 

G.    R.    Brook 5? 

H.  J.   Christiey    6 

Jno.   Curwen 38 

A.  R.   Drake 60 

W.  C.  Eason   D' 

J.   C.  Edwards 2 

W.  R.  Ennis,  Jr '. ' 

E.  L.   Goble    3C 

T.    C.    Gore 29 

John   Gregson    • 5' 

L.  T.   Houghton 47 

L.  L.   Hurley 40 

M.  C.  Johnson 5'" 

J.  Y.  Jones   ■  ■ .  .5^' 

P    P.  Jones 4P 

G.   R.  Kindrick    5'- 

B.  W.  Koontz 61 

Jno.  S.  Lockman 1 

W.  P.  Lovitt   4 '. 

J.   H.   Maves.... 3r 

H.   B.    McAbee 5" 

C    F.  McCall C^ 

S.    L.    McClure 6" 

J.  V.  McCombs   • 4^" 

G.  B.  McCraokan 2? 

G.    H.    McDaniel 5" 

J.  W.  Ouzts   IP 

S.  T.  Petty 6" 

E.  H.  Rodgers   3" 

T,  L.  Sannders,  Jr 2^^ 

E.  L.  Sheridan P'^ 

L.  O.  Skidmore  6" 

Chas.    M.    Stov F 

Hamer    Woods 6" 

E.  W.  Wright.. 2^ 


Practical  and  Efficient  Spinning 


WINNER  OF  FIRST  PRIZE. 


By  B.  W.  BINGHAM,  Marshall,  N.  C. 


The  successful  operation  of  spin- 
ning rooms  calls  for  men  who  are 
Btrictly  busmess  both  on  and  off 
the  job.  We  must  control  ourselves 
in  regaid  to  our  tempers  and  treat 
all  of  the  help  like  we  would  like 
to  be  treated.  We  must  not  have 
pets  as  this  will  upset  things  fast- 
er than  we  can  adjust  them 
and  they  will  soon  be  worth- 
less    to     us.       When     we     get     to 


B.  W.  Bingham 

this  point  we  are  worthless  to  any 
mill.  I  find  from  15  years'  experi- 
ence in  managing  help  that  the  only 
way  is  to  treat  all  of  the  help  in  a 
kind  and  business-like  manner  and 
teach  them  that  we  mean  what  we 
say.  It  is  not  very  hard  to  teach 
them  this.  All  we  have  to  do  is  to 
do  just  what  we  say  and  they  will 
soon  know  what  to  expect  and  what 
not  to  expect.  We  must  not  spend 
any  time  talking  to  the  help  except 
on  business  concerning  the  mill  and 
their  welfare.  If  we  go  around  tell- 
ing funny  tales  to  the  help  they  will 


soon  look  for  this  instead  of  work. 
Sometimes  we  speak  before  we 
should.  We  should  be  careful  and 
consider  things  before  acting,  as  we 
may  act  the  wrong  way.  Never 
make  promises  unless  they  can  be 
filled.  If  we  make  false  promises 
we  give  the  help  a  starting  point 
to  criticise  us  and  they  will  soon 
know  all  about  it.  We  should  train 
our  second  hands  to  be  firm  but 
kind  with  the  help  and  not  allow 
them  to  make  promises  that  can- 
not be  fulfilled.  The  overseer  should 
give  the  second  hand  orders  to 
work  by  and  see  that  he  fills  them. 
Do  not  allow  the  second  hand,  when 
giving  orders,  to  say  that  the  boss 
said  so,  as  this  will  soon  ruin  his 
influence  with  the  help  and  he  will 
soon  be  worthless  to  any  mill.  Train 
the  help  to  report  anything  that  is 
not  going  right  with  their  work  im- 
mediately. When  a  new  hand 
comes  in  take  special  pains  to  ex- 
plain to  him  the  rules  he  must  work 
under  before  putting  him  to  work. 
Be  sure  that  he  understands  the 
rules,  put  him  to  work,  and  ex- 
plain what  he  must  do  and  must 
not  do.  We  should  do  all  we  can  to 
impress  upon  the  minds  of  the  help 
what  it  means  to  their  welfare  as 
well  as  the  mill's,  for  them  to  do 
good  work  in  every  respect. 

Oiling  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant items  in  the  spinning  room. 
Why?  Because  without  oil  we  can- 
not run  the  spinning  room,  with 
half  oiling  we  cannot  run  but  half 
of  it,  and  with  half  oiling  the  ma- 
chinery will  not  last  half  as  long 
as  it  should.  Oil  is  cheap  and  la- 
bor is  cheap,  considering  the  price 
of  spinning  frames  .so  it  is  very 
important  that  we  give  this  point 
our  attention  by  using  good  oil  and 
seeing  that  it  is  applied  at  the 
proper  time.  Spindles  should  be 
oiled  every  two  weeks,  if  only  on 
day  time,  and  every  week  if  on  both 
night  and  day  time.  Tf  we  were 
sure  we  could  get  them  oiled  prop- 
erly, it  would  not  be  necessary  to 
oil  them  so  often,  but  as  we  cannot 


be  sure  that  they  are  oiled  properly,  a  1  5-8  in.  ring  a  bobbin  not  less 
it  is  better  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  than  7-8  in.  in  diameter  for  30s  to 
We  all  know  that  a  dry  spindle  will  ^Os— the  above  is  for  6  in.  traverse, 
not  produce  good  yarn,  nor  will  Dofling  plays  an  important  part 
the  wo.  k  run  well.  A  good  light  ^^  ^^^^  production  of  our  frames.  To 
oil  must  be  used  for  spindles  or  &et  the  best  results  use  four  dof- 
they  will  gum  up  and  run  badly.  Use  ^ers  and  a  head  doffer  on  each  sec- 
anon  fluid  oil  lor  the  steel  roll  necks  [ion,  havmg  each  boy  to  piece  up 
whicli  should  be  oiled  once  each  his  side  and  not  allow  him  to  tear 
day,  the  top  rolls  once  per  day,  the  down  over  five  ends,  and  have  him 
back  steel  roll  and  top  rolls  once  ^o  leave  no  ends  down.  Have  but 
every  week.  All  rolls  and  stands  ^^^  frame  stopped  at  a  time,  and 
should  be  cleaned  before  oiling.  ^"-^^  »l'ow  one  minute  to  doff  a 
Have  a  system  for  picking  and  ^^ame  of  224  spindles.  Divide  the 
cleaning  all  rolls  at  a  regular  time,  frames  and  have  each  boy  clean 
Have  the  cylinder  and  gearing  bear-  ^is  part  of  the  frames.  Have  the 
ings  oiled  before  starting  time,  rockers  cleaned  €ver>  morning.  Af- 
morning  and  night.  The  overseer  t-er  getting  a  round  doffed,  have 
should  spend  a  few  minutes  in-  ^ach  boy  to  take  all  bobbin-  down 
specting  the  oiling  every  day  ia  or-  o^  ^^^  creels  on  his  frames.  Also 
der  to  know  that  it  has  been  done  ^^^'^  the  bobbins  picked  up  off  of 
properly.  the  floor  if  they  have  dropped  any. 

Banding  a  spinning  frame  is  an  This  will  tend  to  teach  the  boys  to 
important  item  and  we  cannot  give  P'^k  up  a  bobbin  when  they  drop  it. 
this  point  too  much  attention.  ^  ^-hink  it  is  well  to  allow  the  boys 
Bands  should  be  made  of  roving  some  play  time  as  they  work  much 
and  uniform  in  size  and  twist.  Have  better  than  they  will  if  they  never 
them  tied  on  as  near  the  same  ten-  ^^^  ^  minute's  rest, 
sion  as  possible.  It  is  a  well  known  ^^aft  is  a  very  important  item,  as 
fact  that  a  slack  band  will  make  excessive  draft  will  cause  uneven 
soft  yarn,  which  is  waste  and  will  ^^rn  and  bad  running  spinning, 
cause  bad  running  spinning  as  the  The  draft  should  not  exceed  12,  and 
speed  of  the  spindle  is  not  up  to  ^^  ^^  11  is  much  better  for  double 
the  standard  and  different  spindle  roving.  I  find  from  various  tests 
speeds  call  for  different  weights  of  that  standard  twist  is  best,  as  too 
travelers.  This  being  the  case  it  is  much  twist  tends  to  weaken  the 
impossible  to  have  good  running  yarn  and  destroy  the  elasticity.  We 
spinning  with  tight  and  loose  bands  should  not  run  an  excessive  speed 
on  our  frames.  A  band  tied  on  too  and  produce  waste  and  not  yarn, 
tight  will  absorb  power  unnecess-  as  this  makes  trouble  for  everybody 
sarily.  The  knots  should  be  tied  concerned  and  causes  discontented 
so  they  will  not  present  much  ob-  help.  Every  end  that  is  put  up 
struction  in  passing  round  the  makes  a  thick  place  in  the  yarn, 
whorl,  as  a  big  knot  will  cause  a  Travelers  play  an  important  part 
jumping  motion,  which  will  cause  to  good  running  spinning,  and  we 
the  ends  to  break  down,  which  should  give  them  close  attention.  If 
nieans  waste  and  unnecessary  the  traveler  is  not  the  right  circle, 
piecing  up  of  ends.  the  friction  will  be  greater  from  an 

Rings  and  bobbins  are  very  im-  empty  bobbin  to  a  full  bobbin,  ow- 
portant  to  good  running  spinning,  ing  to  the  fact  that  the  empty  bob- 
The  bobbin  must  not  be  too  small  bin  pulls  the  traveler  toward  the 
in  diameter  for  the  size  of  the  ring,  center  of  the  ring,  which  causes 
as  a  bobbin  that  is  too  small  will  more  of  the  traveFer  to  come  in  con- 
tend to  pull  the  traveler  toward  the  tact  with  the  ring.  After  the  bob- 
center  of  the  ring  instead  of  draw-  in  is  half  full  the  yarn  tends  to  pull 
ing  it  around  the  ring  as  is  desired,  the  traveler  around  the  ring,  and 
So  if  the  bobbin  is  too  small  in  di-  lessens  the  friction  greatly.  We 
ameter  it  will  cause  uneven  or  must  judge  the  traveler  by  experi- 
strained  yarn  and  bad  running  menting  as  conditions  vary, 
work  For  1  1-2  inch  rings  mak-  The  build  of  bobbins  is  a  very 
ing  30s  to  40  hosiery  yarn,  a  filling  important  point,  as  badly  built  bob- 
bobbin  npt  less  than  five-eights  bins  will  cause  excessive  waste  and 
inch  m  diameter  will  run  well  un-  loss  of  production.  If  the  taper  is 
less  we  are  using  a  good  grade  of  too  long  the  frame  will  be  stopped 
cotton.  From  1  in.  to  1  1-8  in.  sta-  more  times  during  a  week  to  bo 
pie  for  warp  yarn  I  would  use  with  doffed.     If   the    traverse   speed     is 

4 


too  fast  or  too  slow  the  bobbin  will 
be  soft,  as  the  yarn  will  ride  on  one 
another,  the  thread  will  be  crossed. 

In  order  to  make  a  good  quality 
and  quantity  of  yarn  we  must  give 
our  rolls  careful  attention.  See  that 
they  are  properly  covered  and  that 
good  material  is  used  on  them.  Keep 
good  rolls  in  the  frame;  keep  out 
bad  rolls  as  they  will  make  the 
ends  run  badly.  When  there  is 
nothing  else  wrong  do  not  allow  the 
spinners  to  replace  them,  but  have 
the  section  men  to  do  this.  Train 
the  spinner  to  bring  the  roller  to 
the  section  men  immediately.  When 
oiling  rolls  we  should  be  very  care- 
ful not  to  get  oil  on  the  leather  of 
the  rolls  as  this  will  rot  the  leather 
and  shorten  their  life. 

We  should  have  our  frames  over- 
hauled once  a  year.  The  frames 
should  be  lined  and  leveled,  spin- 
dles plumbed  at  top  and  bottom  and 
guide  wires  set.  The  steel  rolls 
should  be  taken  out  and  cleaned 
every  six  months.  Cleaning  is  sure- 
ly one  of  the  most  important  things 
in  the  spinning  room  as  we  cannot 
produce  clean  yarn  on  dirty  frames. 
The  roll  clearers,  spindle  rails, 
guide  boards,  creel  boards  all  should 


be  cleaned  systematically.  The 
spindle  rails  should  be  cleaned  with 
a  brush  and  not  with  a  broom  as  a 
broom  will  upset  the  fly  and  cause 
slubs  in  the  yarn.  The  floor  should 
be  kept  clean  as  a  clean  floor  and 
ends  all  up  makes  things  look  good, 
and  they  are  good  when  they  are 
going  this  way.  We  should  not  al- 
low the  spinners  to  drop  white  cot- 
ton on  the  floor.  If  we  allow  two 
or  three  pounds  of  this  cotton 
to  be  wasted  each  day  we  are  mak- 
ing ourselves  expensive  to  the  mill. 
Waste  is  an  important  item  and 
by  giving  it  our  careful  attention 
we  can  save  oilr  salary.  Nothing 
makes  a  spinning  room  look  worse 
than  to  see  cotton  all  over  the  floor 
and  we  may  rest  assured  that  our 
work  is  not  satisfactory  if  we  allow 
this.  We  should  inspect  the  sweep- 
ings before  having  them  carried 
out.  Keep  hard  waste  down  to  a 
medium  amount.  If  we  make  an 
excessive  amount  we  are  expensive 
overseers  as  this  waste  has  the  la- 
bor cost  added  to  the  cost  of  cotton 
and  is  only  worth  about  six  cents 
per  pound,  so  we  do  not  have  to 
make  very  many  pounds  of  this 
waste  to  spend  our  salary. 


TIED  FOR  SECOND  PRIZE. 


By  CHAS.  M.  STOY,  Anniston,  Ala. 


Practical  and  Efficient  Spinning  is  ning  is  not  all  done  in  the  spinning 


the  result  of  useful  and  practical 
knowledge  and  theory  applied  in 
the  manufacture  of  yarns  under  va- 
rious conditions,  as  these  conditions 
exist  and  present  themselves.  In 
short  it  is  up-to-date  spinning. 
However,  in  order  to  have  such 
spinning,  the  cotton  should  be  prop- 
erly mixed,  picked  and  carded.  The 
rolls  on  the  drawing  frames  must 
be  set  according  to  the  length  of  the 
staple  and  weight  of  the  sliver  be- 
ing drawn,  and  condensed  just 
enough  to  pull  well  on  the  back  of 
the  slubbers  and  draw  evenly 
through  the  rolls.  Slubbers,  inter- 
mediates and  roving  frames  should 
have  the  rolls  properly  set  and 
drafted,  having  the  proper  twist,  lay 
and  tension  gears  for  the  number 
of  roving  being  made,  which  is  nec- 
essary to  produce  smooth,  even  rov- 
ing. 

A  spinner  may  be  ever  so  up-to- 
date,  yet  if  faulty  and  uneven  roving 
is  turned  over  to  him.  faulty  and 
uneven  yarn  will  result,  for  spin- 


room.    In  fact,  the  spinning  frame  is 


Chas.  M.  Stoy,  Anniston,  Ala. 


only  the  finishing  process  in  pro- 
ducing yarn.  We  will  now  proceed 
with  the  process  of  spinning,  with 
the  supposition  that  the  roving  is 
what  it  should  be. 

buccessful  spinning  denends  on 
constant  vigilance,  good  manage- 
ment, practical  knowledge,  system 
and  discipline  on  the  part  of  the 
overseer,  second  hand,  and  section- 
men,  and  co-operation,  obedience 
and  good  will  on  the  part  of  the 
help.  Cleanliness,  system  and  care 
in  producing  good  work,  are  points 
of  great  importance  which  should 
be  impressed  on  the  minds  of  the 
help,  so  that  they' will  understand 
that  the  right  way  is  the  only  way 
to  make  good  work. 

Management  and   Cleaning. 

These  are  very  essential  for  suc- 
cess of  a  spinning  room  and  both 
overseer  and  second  hand  should 
strive  to  manage  their  help  in  a 
firm  kind  way,  that  each  hand  will 
respect  and  obey  their  orders.  Avoid 
partiality  and  familiarity.  Get  their 
confidence  and  lead  them.  Teach 
them  that  their  work  will  be  better 
and  run  better  if  it  is  kept  clean. 

On  coarse  numbers  the  back 
leather  rolls  should  be  picked  once 
a  day  and  the  front  rolls  twice  a 
day.  All  top  rolls  should  be  clean- 
ed early  in  the  morning  after  start- 
ing time  and  front  leather  rolls 
again  immediately  after  the  noon 
hour.  The  bottom  steel  rolls  should 
be  cleaned  and  stands  picked  once 
each  week,  usually  on  Fridays.  The 
thread  guides  and  roller  beam 
should  be  wiped  at  least  four  time.^ 
a  day.  The  sides  should  be  brushed 
with  a  broom  about  every  hour, 
and  on  fine  work  the  spinners 
should  use  waste  instead  of  a  broom 
in  cleaning  the  sides,  as  flyings  from 
a  broom  often  go  into  the  yarn. 
Top  rolls,  or  lever  weights,  should 
be  cleaned  once  per  week.  Top 
clearers  should  be  picked  every 
hour  on  coarse  work  and  every  two 
and  a  half  V.ours  on  fine  work.  Spin- 
ners should  put  this  waste  in  a  box 
and  not  throw  it  over  the  alleys. 
Clean  separators  and  ring  rails 
two  or  three  times  a  week,  accord- 
ing  to    the    numbers    being     spun. 

The  rockers  auu  underwork  of 
the  frame  shou'd  be  cleaned  once 
a  day  by  the  doflfers,  heads  and  foot 
ends  four  times  a  day.  The  floor 
•hould  be  kept  clean  at  all  times, 
as  this  adds  much  to  the  looks  of 
the  room.  Insist  that  the  floor  be 
clean  and  that  all  oily  waste  and 
sweepings  be   carried     out     before 


stopping  time  at  night,   taking  the 
oily  waste  to  the  boiler  room  and 
sweepings   to  the  waste  room. 
Steel  Rolls. 

The  steel   roll     should  be     oiled 
once  per  day.    The  middle  and  back 
when  the  middle  and  back  top  rolls 
are  oiled. 
Setting   Steel  Rolls  and  Spindles. 

To  obtain  successful  results  it  ig 
necessary  to  have  all  rolls  and 
spindles  set  and  in  good  running 
condition.  Each  steel  should  work 
freely  in  the  stand,  and  stand  level 
and  in  line  with  the  roll.  Spinners 
do  not  complain  about  having  too 
much  twist  as  long  as  it  will  draw 
well  and  produce  even  and  strong 
yarn.  To  do  this  it  is  necessary  to 
have  both  top  and  bottom  rolls 
properly  set.  This  depends  on  five 
conditions,  viz.,  the  weight  of  the 
roving  to  be  drawn,  the  amount  of 
twist,  the  draft,  the  length  of  the 
staple  and  the  speed  of  the  rolls.  Am 
a  general  rule  it  is  customary  to 
have  the  centers  of  the  steel  roll* 
set  1-8  in.  farther  apart  than  the 
length  of  the  fiber.  If  the  roving 
is  heavy  it  requires  a  greater  dis- 
tance. Very  light  roving  it  need» 
a  shorter  distance.  Excessive  twist 
requires  a  greater  distance  than  a 
soft  twist  and  a  short  draft  require* 
a  greater  distance  from  center  to 
center  than  a  longer  draft  does. 
High  speed  rolls  should  be  set  a 
greater  distance  than  low  speed 
rolls,  in  order  to  give  the  fibers 
more  space  and  time  to  become 
parallel  with  each  other.  Therefore, 
to  get  the  best  results,  the  weight 
of  the  roving,  twist,  draft,  length 
of  staple  and  speed  of  the  rolls 
must  be  considered.  Spindles  should 
be  plumbed  to  rings  at  the  bottom 
and  top  of  the  traverse. 

Whenever  a  broken  spindle  is  re- 
placed with  a  new  one,  have  the 
section  men  to  oil  and  plumb  the 
spindle  to  its  proper  running  posi- 
tion before  leaving  it. 
Ring   Rails. 

Ring  rails  should  be  kept  level  and 
the  rings  kept  down  level  in  them, 
otherwise  there  will  bo  an  unevea 
tension  on  the  yarn.  W^hen  the 
flanges  in  the  rings  have  become 
rough  or  worn,  the  rings  should  be 
turned.  After  both  flanges  have 
become  worn,  the  ring  should  be 
replaced  with  a  new  one,  as  rough 
rings  will  cause  bad  running  work. 
It  is  a  good  idea  to  put  a  drop  of 
stainless  oil  on  the  rings  now  an* 
then. 


Oiling.  conditions  are  altered,  it  will  affecf 
Oiling  and  banuiug  are  two  very  the  weight  of  the  traveler  needed, 
important  items  and  should  re-  Square  pomted  travelers  are  gener- 
ceive  especial  care  by  the  oiler  and  ally  about  one  number  heavier  than 
and  bander.  He  should  be  a  reliable  a  round  pomted  one  of  the  same 
and  painstaking  fellow  who  can  un-  number.  Should  the  overseer  have 
derstand  the  imporUnce  of  work  any  trouble  m  finding  what  weight 
well  done.  All  bearings,  draft  gears,  traveler  is  needed,  he  should  ob- 
iack  gears,  pulleys,  heart  motions,  tain  a  table  giving  the  number  of 
cylinders  and  front  steel  roll  stands  travelers  to  be  used  on  different 
■hould  be  oiled  the  lirst  thing  after  numbers  of  yarn  on  different  size 
•tarting  time  each  morning.  After  rings.  This  does  not  always  give 
oiling  around  he  should  go  over  the  the  correct  traveler  for  his  use,  but 
/rame  and  tie  all  the  bands  that  are  will  put  him  very  near  to  what  he 
off  the  spindles.  Each  band  should  needs  and  he  should  find  what  num- 
be  the  same  size  and  have  the  same  ber  is  best  suited  to  his  needs  by 
amount  of  twist,  and  be  tied  on  the  testing  a  few  different  weights.  On 
•pindle  reasonably  tight,  with  a  fine  yarns  it  is  not  necessary  to 
■mall  lock  knot,  giving  the  spindle  change  travelers  as  they  will  fly 
a  uniform  speed  and  preventing  off  after  running  awhile.  On  coarse 
slippage.  Roving  bands  are  prefer-  work  they  should  be  changed  when 
rable  to  yarn  bands,  as  when  they  they  have  become  worn  enough  to 
become  stretched  and  worn  they  chafe  and  cut  the  yarn.  This  de- 
will  fall  off  the  whorl,  therefore  pends  on  the  speed  of  the  spindles 
producing  less  soft  yarn  than  yarn  and  the  condition  of  the  rings, 
bands.  Therefore,  there  can  be  no  set  rule 
Roving  Traverse.  as  to  when  to  change  travelers. 
Th3  roving  traverse  should  be  Belts.  ,  ,  ,  . 
tiamined  often  ana  set  so  that  as  Belts  should  be  run  with  the  hair 
near  the  whole  of  the  boss  of  the  side  next  to  face  of  the  pulley,  tight 
top  roll  will  be  traversed  by  the  enough  not  to  slip,  yet  easy  on  the 
roving  as  possible,  and  never  allow-  bearings.  They  should  never  have 
ed  to  remain  out  of  fix  for  any  more  than  one  buckle  to  the  belt, 
length  of  time  as  it  will  hollow  out  and  should  be  carded  off  and  greas- 
the  top  rolls  and  make  lumpy  and  ed  regularly  each  week. 
mneven  yarn  and  not  draw  even.  Care  of  the  Spinning  Room. 
.  ^.  J?"*"^,  ^^^  ^oilere.  Frames  should  be  leveled  and 
After  the  oiler  has  finished  band-  overhauled  regularly  once  each 
mg  around  and  the  spinners  have  ^r.  Steel  rolls  should  be  taken 
flushed  picking  their  rolls,  the  ^^^  ^nd  scoured  once  every  six 
oiler  should  pi  them  He  should  months,  bearings  lined,  cleaned  and 
be  very  careful  not  to  get  oil  on  ^3,1  lubricated  with  a  heavy  grease. 
the  leather  bosses.  A  good  heavy  constant  attention  should  be  given 
oil  should  be  used  preferably  ^^g  weight  levers  and  see  that  noP.& 
lon-fluid  oil,   as  one  drop  of  this  ^p^p  ^jown  on  the  lever  boards.  It 

i^nH   ft^n^nn°?h^^^i^H?f  °1^^^  '^0     have     medium 

and  two  on  the  saddles,  and   thus  rip^ff^    '       pyrpecivp    drafts    make 

worT  "The^Tron^t'tntr'Zn^S^'h^^  -'ak%nd  uneven  ^arn.^'u  should 
Xd  nJi  P«Ph   hL  inH^^hn'i.^v  never  exceed  12  or  come  under    7. 
oiled  once  each  day  and  the  back  t  jftjnc-  rn(]^  shmild  hp     kpnf     frPP 
and  middle  rolls  three  times  each  f^om  ?hokes  bv  occas?ona^^^ 
week.    On  medium  yarns  the  front  InTLuh^^LuL^ 

roll  once  per  day  and  the  middle  Sn  frames  makine  varn  from 
and  hafk   mils   fwifP  a  wppk  ^"   irames    maKing     yarn     irom 

ana  nacK   roiis   twice  a  weeic.  ^^^j^jg  ^^^,.^^  ^j^g  weights  are  lev- 

Ira  velers.  ered  to  give  from  25  to  30  pounds 

The  proper  weight  of  the  travel-  pressure  on  the  rolls.  On  medium 
er  is  a  very  important  factor  in  the  counts  from  26s  to  50s  on  single  rov- 
production  of  yarn  and  good  run-  ing  and  fine  yarns,  less  weight  is 
ning   work.     The   selection   of   the  required. 

traveler  depends  on  seven  condi-  Builders  and  take-up  motions 
tions,  viz.:  number  of  yarn  being  should  be  oiled  and  examined  fre- 
•pun,  speed  of  spindles,  quality  of  quently  in  order  that  they  remain 
■taple  of  cotton,  amount  of  twist  properly  set.  Otherwise  a  poorly 
wanted,  diameter  of  ring,  and  built  bobbin  and  tangled  yarn  will 
whether  a  round  or  square  traveler  result.  All  frames  on  the  same 
i»  to  be  used.    If  any  one  of  these  number  of  yarn  should  make  the 

7 


same  size  bobbins.    This  can  be  eas-  ing  spindles.     Consequently  a  large 
ily  done  by  keeping  the  same  length  per  cent  of  the  spindles  and  bolsters 
stroke  on  the  bobbins  of  each  frame  had  to  be  replaced, 
and  keeping  all  uaverses  taking  up  Thread  Guides. 

the  same  number  of  notches.  On  Thread  guides  should  be  set  so 
warp  wmd  frames  the  stroke  should  ^j^^t  the  back  part  of  the  eye  will 
be  as  long  as  possible  witJhout  com-  cojjie  directly  over  the  center  of  the 
ing  so  near  the  ends  of  the  bobbins  top  of  the  spindle  and  raised  or 
that  It  will  give  trouble  and  make  lowered  to  the  best  running  posi- 
tangled  yarn.  In  making  hosiery  ^^^^  ^^en  the  ring  rail  is  at  the  top 
yarn  on  niling  wind  frames  where  of  the  bobbin.  They  should  be  kept 
warp  bobbins  are  used,  the  stroke  j^  Une  with  each  other, 
on  the  bobbins  should  be  as  short  n«mr.n 

as  possible  in  order  to  fill  the  bob-      ^  ^         ^     "      "^ 
bins  to  the  size  of  the  rings.  Doffers  should    doff    every    other 

rji^  j^  row     of     frames     so     that     only 

X    ,  xu  X  XV-  0116  side  of  ends  are  down  on    the 

It  is  very  essential  that  the  prop-  spinner  at  a  time.  In  order  to  get 
er  twist  per  inch  be  put  in  the  yarn  production  from  frames,  doffers 
according  to  the  quality  of  stock  be-  should  start  to  doffing  promptly 
ing  worked  and  the  condition  of  the  ^^en  frames  are  full  and  doff 
weather.  In  dry  warm  weather,  it  frames  speedily  in  rotation,  being 
IS  advisable  to  use  more  twist  than  careful  to  break  as  few  ends  down 
in  damp  or  cold  weather.  It  is  also  as  possible,  as  production  depends 
advisable  to  put  in  more  twist  when  on  how  frames  are  doffed  and  the 
using  short  or  weak  staple  cotton,  length  of  time  the  frames  are  stop- 
The  standard  twist  per  inch  may  ped.  When  doffers  have  gotten 
be  ascertained  by  taking  the  square  around  they  should  pick  up  all 
root  of  the  number  of  yarn  wanted  bobbins  which  have  fallen  on  the 
and  multiplying  it  by  the  follow-  floor  and  put  them  where  they  be- 
ing standards:  long.    Once  or  twice  each  day  they 

For  extra  warp  twist  5.00  should    take   out   the    white    waste 

For  ordinary  warp   twist   4.75  from  the  waste  boxes  and  pick  same 

For  extra  mule  twist  4.00  before       emptying.       The       creels 

For  ordinary  mule  twist    3.75  should  be  wiped  off  once  each  day 

For  extra  frame  filling  twist..  3.50  by  the  roving  man  and  tangled 
For  ordinary  frame  fill,  twist  3.25  pieces  of  roving  taken  down.  The 
For  ord.  hosiery  frame  twist  3.00  roving  should  be  placed  on  the 
For  very  soft    hosiery    frame  frames  three  layers    high    with    a 

twist 2.80  space  at  the  ends  and  the  middle 

Separators  of  cones  left  for     empty     bobbins. 

Separators  should  be  kept  level  Jl^Fi^^ii^^^l^^'H  .'I'fili'^i.ijff  •J.^^S 
and  well  balanced,  and  also  kept  in  ^?,Tf?ii  nnI^Hif?nn  'wh£h  oHHc 
line  with  each  other,  as  this  adds  "^^.iJ'^Z  ,hl^  .To..^]^i  \t  ?hf 
much  to  the  appearance  of  the  "i^^^  ^^  ^^e  appearance  of  the 
sides.    They  should  be  set  so  that  ™y"^'        ,     .  .,,  xu  x       • 

the  bottom  of  the  blades  will  rest  ^n  conclusion  wil  say  that  spm- 
directly  in  the  center  between  the  n  rs  should  be  taught  to  make  good 
ring  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  piecmgs,  to  be  attentive  to  their 
the  ring  rail.  If  not  properlv  set  it  work,  and  not  allowed  to  make  un- 
often  hangs  the  rail  and  causes  necessary  waste  by  cutting  two  or 
tangled  work  and  bad  nosed  bobbins,  ^^ijee  layers  of  roving  off  bobbins. 
^ninHipc  They  should  wear  aprons  with  large 

c   •   ^,  »P»najes.  pockets  to  put  waste  in  and  not  put 

Spindles  should  be  oiled  every  white  waste  on  the  floor.  The  room 
two  weeks  to  be  sure  that  every  should  be  equipped  with  a  good 
spindle  IS  well  oiled.  Some  spin-  system  of  humidifiers  and  humidity 
dies  will  run  dry  quicker  than  oth-  and  temperature  kept  as  near  a 
ers.  especially  when  a  band  is  too  given  standard  as  possible.  Over- 
tight.  If  not  kept  well  oiled  they  geers.  second  hands,  section  men 
will  soon  begin  to  wobble  and  jump,  should  set  good  examples  and  be 
which  will  cause  the  work  to  run  careful  and  kind  with  the  help,  yet 
badly.  In  a  very  short  time  spin-  flr^  always  trying  to  increase  the 
dies  and  bolsters  will  have  gone  to  „ffi„;^„^,r  r.f  ♦>,«  v,«lr^  aivtto-<to  k^ot. 
the  bad.  I  once  worked  in  a  large  efficiency  of  the  help.  Always  bear 
spinning  room  which  had  been  al-  in  mind  that  in  order  to  have  prac- 
lowed  to  run  without  properly  oil-  tical   and  efficient     spinning,     they 

S 


should  be  up-to-date  men,  alive  to  reasonable     cost     with     successful 

tiie  fact  that  waste  should  be  kept  niamLrpmpnf  T.ofianfo  n.«;„    <v  • 

down  as  much  as  possible  at  all  times  ^^^"^^^"^ent  reflects  their  elliciency 

and  that  quality  and  quantity  at  a  ^^  sP^ners  . 

TIED  FOR  SECOND  PKIZE. 


By  VV.  R.  ENNIS,  JR.,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 


I  have  had  practical  experience 
»3  a  spinner  and  will  try  to  give  the 
best  ideas  I  have  about  it.  When  I 
go  into  the  spinning  room  at  5:45 
a.  m.,  the  first  thing  I  do  as  I  enter 
the  door  is  to  notice  the  shafting 
and  see  thao  no  counter  belts  are 
off.  Then  I  place  my  help  and  have 
everything  in  full  operation  by  6 
a.  m. 

Elliciency  means  the  road  to  suc- 
cess.   An  overseer  to  he  successful 


VV.  R  .Ennis,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

must  first  know  the  weak  points  in 
his  machinery  and  how  to  adjusl 
them  to  produce  good  running 
work.  He  must  be  firm  in  his  con- 
versation regarding  any  business 
transactions  concerning  his  room 
and  those  employed  there.  I  do  not 
consider  an  overseer  competeni 
who  has  to  depend  on  his  second 
hand  and  section  men.  The  little 
things  in  a  spinning  room  are  the 
things  which  count.  An  overseer 
cannot  take  good  roving  and  pro- 
duce a  good  yarn  if  he  does  not  un- 
derstand   his    machinery. 

I  will  give  a  few  points  on  things 
which    makes   bad    running     work. 


Take  the  creel  to  start  with.  Al- 
ways see  that  your  skewer  sets  are 
all  in,  for  if  a  skewer  set  is  out  or 
broken,  the  section  man  will  come 
along  and  sharpen  the  skewer  to 
make  it  run,  which  takes  the 
stretch  out  of  the  roving.  If  the 
skewer  does  not  turn  freely  when 
a  bobbin  of  roving  is  being  drawn 
to  the  rolls,  it  will  take  the  stretch 
out  of  the  roving  every  time  and 
make  uneven  yarn.  As  to  the  draft, 
do  not  draw  over  11. GO  on  any  num- 
ber, that  is,  where  the  yarn  is  made 
of  double  roving.  1  always  draw  10 
where  the  card  room  can  keep  up. 
I  find  in  most  of  the  fine  yarn  mills 
that  the  card  rooms  cannot  keep  up 
drawing  from  10.80  to  11.60.  When 
you  go  over  11.00  you  are  not  spin- 
ning a  good  quality  of  yarn.  Gut  it 
to  10  if  the  management  will  let 
you. 

Rollers  should  be  covered  with 
good  grey  flannel  with  a  heavy 
cushion.  Cots  should  be  made  a 
fraction  smaller  and  drawn  tight. 
It  is  a  good  policy  to  see  the  roller 
coverer  break  one  occasionally 
when  he  is  covering  them.  Use 
English  skin  and  make  a  good 
smooth  lap.  Have  the  steel  rolls 
polished  and  keep  off  all  burrs,  as 
this  will  keep  the  roller  cost  down 
Have  a  gauge  for  different  staples 
of  cotton  and  set  your  rolls  ac- 
cordingly. Do  not  run  too  much 
twist  in  the  roving.  If  the  rolls  are 
set  too  close  and  the  roving  twisted 
hard  the  yarn  is  sure  to  cockle.  Sec 
that  there  is  uniform  weight  on  the 
rolls,  and  that  the  levers  do  not  rub 
the  front  steel  roll.  Keep  the 
steel  rolls  clean  so  as  to  prevent 
gouts  from  going  through  with  the 
rovmg. 

The  overseer  should  require  his 
second  hand  to  see  that  every  sec- 
tion man  has  charge  of  as  many 
frames  as  he  can  attend  to  prop- 
erly and  that  he  gives  the  frames 
his  close  attention. 

In  regard  to  speed,  I  think  that  a 
medium  speed  is  best.  Of  course 
speed  depends  on  conditions,  such 
as  humidity,  draft,  travelers  used 
and  the  like.    You  can  run  higher 


spood  on  a  short  draft  Ihan  on  a  tliein  uniform  so  as  to  fit  in  the 
long  one.  The  same  is  true  of  cot-  groove  of  the  whirl.  Do  not  allow 
ton.  If  you  are  running  good  cot-  >our  hand  hoys  to  split  tiie  hand  too 
ton  you  can  put  in  less  twist  and  far  down.  Have  it  arranged  so  that 
get  good  strength.  You  ha\e  to  pu  when  the  hand  is  drawn  up  to  be 
in  more  twist  for  poor  cotton  and  tied  it  will  split  itself  in  the  draw- 
therefore  cut  down  the  front  roll  ing  up.  Tie  a  Hat  knot  and  you  will 
and  lose  production.  Speed  is  alsc  get  the  full  surface  of  the  hand. 
go\erned  by  the  length  of  the  trav-  lla\e  the  spindles  well  oiled  with  a 
ei's(!,  the  size  of  the  ring.  etc.  On  uniform  hand  and  with  well  oiled 
tli(^  same  number  of  yarn,  higher  spindles  you  will  get  the  full  hene- 
speed  can  be  run  on  a  short  traverse  fit  of  the  twist  gear  in  use,  which 
and  a  small  ring  than  on  a  Ion?  is  a  great  help  in  making  warp.  The 
tra\erse  and  a  large  ring.  Of  writer  took  a  room  which  had  been 
course  fine  numbers  are  supposed  run  by  an  expert  sninner,  in  a 
to  !)e  spun  on  a  short  traverse  and  mill  where  the  looms  had  been 
a  small  ring,  and  coarse  numbers  standing  for  warps  and  filling.  In 
on  a  long  travei'se  and  large  ring  three  months  I  had  every  loom  run- 
Tliis  is  practical   for  good   produc-  ning   and    144    warps    on    the    tloor 


tion. 

I   consider  the  travelers  very 


The   weavers   niade     better     wages 
and   we    never     had     any     trouble 


porlant.     Tn    many    mills    travelers   keeping    help. 


are    lost   simply    from    the    lack    of 
experience.     Travellers   run   by  cir- 
cles, from  1  3-4  to  3  in.  circles.  A  3 
in.  circle  traveler  may  be  put  on  and   runmng   a   spmnmg   room    clean!.- 
,u         „  1     .  11  ness    and    oil    never    hurt    the    ma- 


The  best  solicitor  for  help,  ac- 
cording to  my  experiencCj  is  good 
running  work.    As  for  a  system  for 


cause  the  work  to  run  well  even 
where  the  rings  and  guides  are  of 
from  1-16  to  1-8  inch.  But  whai 
would   be   the   result  with    a   1    3-4 


chinery.      Have    the    roving    wiped 

every  day,   and   the   rollers   picked. 

See  that  the  section  men  have  the 

.     ,     ,         ,     „  Tx  ,_.  u     J  •      rollers  oiled  after  they  are  picked 

in.  circle  traveler?  Tt  would  bmd  m   j^ave  the  rails  brushed     ofT    cl.-an 


the    circling,    the    rings    soon    weai 
sharp  like  a  knife  and  cut  the  end 


and  if  you  use  a  medium  circle  trav- 
eler vou  will  find  that  the  machin 


down,    cut    the    fibres    out    of    the  erv  does  not  get  dirtv  if  the  spin 

yarn  and  make  it  uneven  and  weak  dies    are    plumbed    and    the    guide 

Many    travelers    would    be    lost    in  wires  set. 

this  way.  A  medium  circle  travelei  The  wav  to  get  production  is  to 
IS  the  proper  traveler  to  use.  First  keep  the  broke  back  ends  up.  and 
have  the  spindles  plumbed  top  and  the  belts  on  the  tight  pullev.  Havt 
bottom  and  the  guide  wires  set  the  drffing  arranged  so  that  each 
This  will  kill  the  friction  of  the  bov  can  dofl^  his  half  and  hold  him 
traveler  and  give  nice,  even  bal-  responsible  for  bad  piecing  so  a? 
loons  when  the  ends  run  to  the  top  to  cut  the  waste  dow^.i.  Bad  piec- 
and  best  of  all  it  will  save  the  mill  ing  gives  trouble  on  the  looms, 
money  and  prolong  the  life  of  the  winders,  spoolers  and  anvwhere  il 
rings.  Havp  the  separators  so  as  to  h^g  to  go.  Give  vour  dofi^ers  enougn 
center  between  the  rings  and  w^her  ^.^rk  to  keep  them  in  the  mill 
the  traverse  runs  to  the  top,  the  Make  them  keep  the  traverser 
separators  will  center  the  guide  dpan^  bobbins  off  the  floor,  etc.  See 
board.  Separators  should  be  set  that  the  spinners  do  not  throw 
out  even  with  the  rail  so  as  to  pre-  ^vhite  cotton  on  the  floor.  Make 
vent  ends  from  ballooning  around  tlie  work  run  so  that  the  spinners 
and  clapping  togofher.  The  best  pan  sit  down  occasionallv.  Tt  is  o 
policy,  as  T  said  before,  is  to  have  good  policv  in  the  spinning  room  to 
the  rine-s  and  guides  in  the  pink  gjve  a  premium  to  the  section  hand 
of  condition.  Tt  wi  1  enable  you  tr  ^^^  does  best  work  on  broken  ends 
run  a  heavier  traveler  and  stop  the  y  had  a  rule  for  the  section  hand  to 
end  from  clapping  together,  which  take  tab  at  11  a.  m.  and  5  p.  m.  on 
losns  travelers.  ^^^j^  section,  and  the  man  doing 
The  bands  and  spindles  are  the  the  best  work  got  a  premium, 
next  problem  to  solve.  T  have  been  Therefore,  T  got  results.  The  bob- 
in  spinnine  rooms  where  they  run  bins  should  have  all  the  yarn  upon 
everv  size  band  from  the  size  of  a  them  that  they  will  hold  and  the 
fishing  line  to  the  size  of  a  plow  builder  should  be  adjusted  so  as  to 
line.  Brother  overseers,  have  your  put  the  right  taper  on  the  bobbins 
bands  made  of  roving     and     have  and  with  a    well     trained    set    of 

10 


dofTers  ,good  results  will  be  had.  see  that  her  substitute  picks  the 
Piecing  up,  it  not  done  right,  will  rolls  and  does  the  profer  cleaning, 
cause  a  great  deal  ol'  trouble  ir  Then  when  the  regular  spinner  re- 
the  spinning  room.  The  spinners  turns,  she  will  find  her  frames  in 
will  complaui  ol'  the  work  of  lii(  good  condition  and  will  not  give 
dolTers,  and  other  troubles  will  fol-  trouble.  There  are  a  great  many 
low.  things    to   consider   in    the     proper 

The  proper  humidity  is  a  great  managemerrt  of  a  spinning  room, 
hei-  m  spuming  yarns.  Keep  the  and  the  little  things  are  very  im- 
temperature  at  70  to  76  degrees  portant.  If  an  overseer  expects  to 
W  ith  a  good  humidfying  system  run  a  spinning  room  with  success 
you  can  keep  your  room  at  any  he  has  got  to  stay  on  his  job,  and  if 
temperature   necessary.  .  he  does  so,  the  carder  and  weaver 

Of  course  the  room  ought  to  ru-  will  have  to  slay  on  their  jobs.  My 
in  a  systematic  way.  One  point  ir  ambition  is  to  i-un  all  the  roving  I 
managing  help  may  be  mentioned  can  get  and  make  the  looms  go  to 
When  a  spinner  stays  out  for  a  day    keep  away  from  me. 

Number  Four 


By  JNO.  S.  LOCKMAN,  Avondale,  Ala. 


I  will  endeavor  to  give  a  few  of  barely  see   daylight     between     the 

my   idi'as   as    to     what     constitutes  point  of  the  tooth   and  the  bottom 

pi-actical   and  elficient  spinning.  To  of  the  gear.    We  will  now  put  on  a 

bf'pin  with  you  must  have  a  frame  No.  5   traveler  of  some  good   make 

that   is   built    to   suit    the   kind     of  with  a  2-inch  riiig-  and  a  7-inch  tra- 

yarn  or  number  of  yarn  you  are  to  verse.     The  rings  are  supposed     to 

spin.    I  will  base  my  argument  up-  be  new.     A  7-inch   draft  on  single 

on  spinning  No.  12s  yarn.    I  will  be-  roving  and  11-inch  draft  on  double 

gin  by  getting  the  frnme  ready  for  roving  is  plenty  for  all  practicable 

running.     You  must  first  level  and  purposes.     Of  course  you   can   run 

Ime  your  frame.    Have  all  bolts  and  longer  drafts   but  when   you   do   it 

nuls   good   and   tight    and   see   that  you  pav  for  it  in  waste 

the    frames    are    well  put  together.  Now  we  have  the  frame  readv  for 

I^nHip'fnii     Th?=V'H  '"'''  ^ ^t'  landing;  I  would  use  a  band  made 

spindle  rail.    The  spindles  must  be  from   about  1.80,   hank   roving  with 

plumbed  con-ectly      Stee    rolls  and  about  3.25  turns  per  inch.    I  wou  d 

Km  her  rolls  ruust  be  set  the  proper  make  these  bands     to     weigh,   say. 

distance  apart,     and   that     depends  nearlv  80  bands  to  1  nound   fo^  thi<^ 

upon  the. length  of  staple  cotton.you  number  of  yarn      Bands  shoudbl 

are  running.    If  T  am  running  1  inch  put  on  moderately  tight.     We  will 

staple  cotton  T  get  my  front  leather  now     consider     the   sneed     nf     thp 

roll  as  near  1  inch  frorri  my  middle  front  roller   of  which^  'there      arl 

leather  roll  as  I  can    that  is  from  many   difTei^ent   opinions    and    as   I 

center     o   center,   and   T   c  ose     my  am    writing    on    practical    spinning 

steel  rolls  up  as  close  as  they  will  and   not   theoretical   spinning    IdS 

go  without     changing     them     from  not  believe  on  these  numbers  then 

their  onginal   make.     Roving     tra-  front  rolls    Zuld    go    f^ste?      haS 

verse  should  traverse  as  far  as  you  i.-^n  to  140  turns  per  mir^ute     WheS 

can  make  it  eo  without  running  the  vou   speed   vour  front     roller     vnn 

roving  off  the     ends.     Your     gears  again    fill   vou^ waste  ba^l^^^^^^^    The 

f.'^/'ln  'Tr,^  ^''^^  ^?^\  ''  ^^-  sP'^dles  should  be  well  o  ed    even 

tention.     A  bad   gear  will   do  more  jf  they  had  to  be  run  over  a   liiflP 

harm    to    spinning    than    most    any  for   the   first     tir^e      The     c?IinHp? 

zi  zVA%"  r;;vs:."  in.o'rfr4  ^iKBf^iWr^ 

them   too  deep   they  will   bind   ana   front    and    hanf  fnd    m  hhFp'    Zul 

.  .roal  many  ins,™.os  cause     cut  y"c;?ir'"?amrset   up'a's  'aboveT 
yarn.    I  set  my  gears  so  as  you  can  ^scribed,    or    even    in    a  more  per- 


feet    condition     unless     your  rov-  we  make  up  our  mind  to  do  so.    I 
ing     is     good     you     cannot     have  believe  an  overseer  should  be  strict- 
practical     and     ellicient     spinning,  ly  uubuiess  aL  ail  Limes  and  yet  bw 
The      roving      should     be    reason-  periecuy  geiiLle   and   pleasing  with 
ably  even  and  free  Irom  cut  places,  his   help.     An  overseer   sauuid   re- 
It  should  be  up   to   the  standard  in  buke  wnere  it  is  needed  and  praise 
strength,  and  should  be     the    same  where  praise  is  deserving,   regard- 
hank  Irom  one  end  to  the  other  on  less   ol  beauty  or  social     sLauUmg. 
the   same   bobbin.     It   should   have  An  overseer  tnat  hasn't  learned  tu« 
just  enough  twist  in  it  to  pull  itself  art  ol  rebuking  or  scolding  an  oper- 
to  the  rolls  without  breaking.    With   aiive   about  some   neglect  and    do- 
your   frame   as   described   and   well  ing  it  with  a  smile  on  his  lace  aa» 
oiled  and  your  roving  all  O.  K.,  we  not  learned  how  to  handle  all  kiuuii 
will   now  proceed   to   spin.  yarn.     I  of  help.    As  1  have  referred  to  an 
would  run  my  traveler  as  light  as  overseer  as  knowing  every  maciiuie 
I  could  without  the  ends  whipping   he  has  charge  of,  i  mean  oy   mat 
down.     See   that  your  steel     roller  he  should  know  it  from  a  practical 
stands  are  oiled  twice  a  day.    If  you  standpomt  and    not    only    irom    a 
run  shell  rolls  in  front  they  should   tueoretical    standpoint.     He    saoula 
be  oiled  once  a  week.     Middle  and  be  able  as  he  passes  through     nis 
back  rolls  should  be  oiled  once     a  room,  to  detect  auytinng  materially 
week  and  solid  rolls  should  be  oiled   wrong  witu  any  macume.    l  uo  not 
twice  a  day.    Your  head  gearing  and  believe  overseers  are  made  in  a  few 
cylinders  should  be  oiled  once  a  day.  days,    weeks   or   months    any   more 
Loose  pulleys  should  not  need  very   than   I   believe   thoroughbred   stock 
much  oil  as  they  are  supposed     to  are  made  in  that  length  of  time.  1 
run  very  little.    Spindles  should  be  believe  overseers  are  bred  and  born 
oiled  once  a  week.    All  slow  motion  just  as  our  great  men   have  been, 
gears  and  pulleys -should    be    oiled  There  are  very  few  statesmen,  ora- 
onee  a  w^eek.     If  you  will  oil  your  tors,  lawyers,  doctors  and  poets  who 
traverse  rods  once  a  week  WMth     a  are    made    by    sending    them    to    a 
good  grade  of  lard  oil  you  will  very  training  school  for  a    few    months 
seldom  have  any  stuck  or  tight  rods,  unless    some     of     their     ancestors 
We  now  have  our  frames  set  up  had     the     blood    of     their  profes- 
and  ready  to  run  and  the  first  thing  sion.    Neither  do  I  believe  there  are 
we  need  in  the  room  is  an  overseer,  many  great  cotton  mill   men     that 
When  I  say  overseer,  I  mean  a  man  have  been  made  so  by  a  few  months 
who  understands  every  machine  he  training  in  some  textile  school  un- 
is  supposed  to   have  charge  of.     I  less  they  had  the  blood  of  that  pro- 
may  differ  from  every  one  in  what  fession  llowing  through  their  veins, 
it  takes  to  constitute  an  overseer,  I  am  not  making  any  fight  on  tex- 
but  as  I  am  writing  my  views  and  tile  schools.  I  think  they  are  a  grand 
not  wiiat  I  have  read  or  what  some  thing    along    with     the     practical 
pne  else  thinks  about  it  I  wmU  give  knowledge.     But  I  have  seen  some 
it  to  you  as  I  see  it.    I  do  not  say  go  through  these  schools  who  nev- 
a   man   cannot  be   a  good   overseer  er  acquired  the  practical  knowledge 
unless  he  is  a  sober  and  a  Christian  neither  did  their  ancestors  have  any 
man,  but  I  do  say  that  every  man  before  them.    In  a  short  time  these 
whether  he  be  overseer  or  common  fellows  have  positions  as  overseers 
laborer  ought  to  be  a  sober  and    a  and  superintendents.     Nine  out     of 
Christian  man.    I  have    seen    good  every  ten  of  these  fellows  will  do 
overseers   who   were   neither   sober  one  of  three   things,  either  change 
or  religious.    And  I  have  seen  good  jobs    every    few    months,    get   some 
overseers  who  were  both  sober  and  good  practical  man  to  run  the  job 
religious.    But  here  are  a  few  traits  for  them,  or  break     the     company 
1  think  an  overseer  should  have:  He   they  are  working  for.    It  may  seem 
snould  be  a  close  student  of  human  strange  to  some  that  I  am  writing 
nature,  as  he  wll  have  all  classes  along  these  lines,  but  I  am  trying 
ot  people  to  contend  with.  I  think  to  show  what  it  takes  to  have  prac- 
an  overseer  should  be  able  to  control  tical  and  efficient  spinning. 


himself  and  never  allow  anger     to 
take  possession  of  him  while  deal- 
ing wMth  help.    Really,  I  do  not  be 
lieve  there  is  any  use  in  people  get 


The  next  important  man  is  your 
second  hand,  or  assistant  overseer. 
He  should  be  a  good  sweeper,  band- 
er,   oiler,    roving    man,    doffer    and 


ting  what  we  call  mad  any  way.  It   know  ho'w  to  run  a  section.     Tt  is 
IS  very  easy  to  overcome  when  once  impossible  for  a  man  to  know  when 


12 


a  man  has  done  a  day's  honest  work  mill.     There   is   a   question   in   th« 
unless   he   has   had   some   practical   minds    of    the    mill    owners    to    be 
experience  in  that     work     himself,  settled.    It  has  not  been  settled  yet, 
The  second  hand  should  deal  direct-  but  I  believe  it  is  in  their  power  to 
ly  with  the  help.    There  are  no  two  settle  it.  This  is  the  question:  "How 
men,  I  care  not  how  good  and  com-  can   we   stop   cotton     mill     people 
petent  each  may  be,  who  can  work   from   moving     so     much?"     When 
the  same  set  of  help  at  the  same  that  is   stopped     there     has     been 
time.     A   second,  hand    should     be  more  done  to  produce  practical  and 
more  of  a  teacher.    I  believe  if  we  efllcient  spinning  than  anything     I 
had  more   teaching  from   overseers  can  conceive.     Here  is   my  remedy 
and  second   hands  and   less  bossing  — contontment,   or     satisfaction.     A 
we  should  get  along  better  with  our  satisfied  hand  will  make  good  work 
help.     I  have  found  very  few  peo-   if   it   is   possible   to    make    it   good. 
pie  in  my  experience,  who  were  not  How  can  this  be     brought     about? 
willing   to   learn   to   do   their   work   Here  is  my  plan.    When  mill  own- 
right,     provided     you     approached   ers  will  build  for  their  operatives, 
them  right  and  let  them  know  that   houses  that  are  just  as  convenient 
you  think  they  have  rights  and  are  as  theirs  are,  they  will  be  content- 
as  much  human  as  you  are.    I  have  ed.    Notice  T  did  not  say  as  fine,  but 
experienced  two  diftrent  periods  of  as    convenient.     When    our    opera- 
time  in  my  cotton  mill  life,  of  which    tives'  place  of  living  is  made  home 
I     thought     both     wore     the     ex-  instead  of  hut  then  we  will  begin 
treme.    The  first  was  the  time  when  to    have    satisfied    people    and    less 
superintendent  and   overseers  were   moving.    When  mill    owners    come 
very  overbearing  with  the  help  and  to    be    satisfied    with    a    reasonable 
would  almost  make  the  help  kneel  and    lawful   interest   on   the   money 
down  to  them  for  work  after  they  they   have    invested    and    run    their 
had  been  discharged  for  some  tri-  machinery   at   a   speed   where   help 
fie.    In  fact,  you  had  to  almost  wor-  can  do  just  and  honest  work  both 
ship   them   to  stand     any     showing  to   the   company     and     themselves, 
at  all.    That  was  a  time  when  there  then  people  will  begin  to  be  satis- 
was  plenty  of  help  and  to  spare.  The  fled  and  we  will  have  less  moving, 
next  was  a  few  years  back  when  when  mill  owners  begin  to  let  the 
help  got  scarce.   Mill  owners      got  operatives   share    some   of   the   big 
scared  and  they  went  on  the    ex-  dividends    they   are     declaring     as 
treme  agam.    This  time  it  was  al-  go^e  of  the  mills  are  now  doing, 
most  the  re^verse  to  the  former  time,  then  you  will   see  people  begin   to 
You  say  what  does  this  have  to  do  be  satisfied  and  less  moving.    When 
with    the    question?    It    is    this— in   mill  owners  begin  to  beautifv  their 
the  first  period  the  help  would  re-  towns  bv     keeping     the     premises 
venge    themselves    on    every    occa-  dgan  and  making  them  sanilarv  by 
sion  possible  by  making  bad  work  putting   in   sewerage   systems   'and 
where    they   could    possibly   do    so  build    their    houses    so    one    family 
without  being  caught.    In  the  sec-  can  live  by  themselves  and  have  a 
ond,   the   help  became   independent   small    lot   to    his   dwelling   for   his 
and    careless    and    did    not  try     to  convenience,  then  vou  will  see  peo- 
make    good     work     because     they  pip  getting  satisfied     and     moving 
knew  they  would  not  be  discharged,  ^ill  be  a  thing  of  the  past.  When 
Even  if  they  were  there  was  ano  h-  that  time  comes  then  vou  will  see 
cr  job  waiting  on  them.    I  am  glad  practical  and  efilcient  spinning.     A 
to   note   an   awakening  along     this  second    hand    should    be    courteous 
line  and  it  seems  to  me  that  mill  3^^  j^eet  everv  one  with   a  smile, 
owners   and   operatives   are     bury-  yet  be  firm  and  business-like    and 
mg  this  strife  and  hatred  that  has  ^o  not  make    many    promises.    Do 
so  long  existed     and     are     coming  ^hat  you   can   for  vour   help    and 
tloser  together  as  one  big  family,  tbey  will  soon  find  out  vou  are  in- 
This  means  more  and  better  work   terested  in  them  and  they  will  help 
wherever  you  find  it.  This  feeling  of  you   by  attending  strictly  to   their 
"you  do  me  now  and  I  will  do    you  business. 

when  I  can"  seems  to    be    getting      We  now  come  to  the  section  man. 
away     from     the     people     and     I  He  should  be  well  up  on  all  the  po- 

hope     it    will     soon     mean     more  ^*^'°"s  ""^7  ^'"^'  f"ci  should  be  a 

1-1      J    rr  ■     I        1       i      1     man  who   desires   to   work   up     to 

practical  and  efficient  work  not  only  overseer.     He  should  never  fail  to 
m  the  spinning  but  all  through  the  respond  to  any  complaint  from     a 

13 


spinner  at  once  where  his  services  have  tried  to  divide  my  letter  into 

are  needed  to  'repair  anything  that  three  distinct  parts  and  show  from 

may  be  wrong  with  their  work.  He  three  disLiucl  heads   liow  you  may 

should  meet  all  his  help  pleasant-  produce     practical      and       ellicieut 

ly  wlien  they  need  him  and  not  snap  spinning. 

them  up  and  speak  short  to  them.       1  liaxe  tried  to  show  fr^m  a  me- 

No   matter   now   busy   he   may     be  chanical  standpoint  now  to  produre 

0^'  how  tough  the  job  may  be  that  piaclical  and   eilicient  spinning  by 

he  happens  to  be  working  on  if  a  getting  your   frame   set    ^p     rigliU 

spinner    comes    for    him      let     him  Then  I  tried  to  shom  how  to  keep 

treat  him  or  her  respectfully.  If  he  practical   and   eilicient   spinning   by 

follows   these   instructions   his   help  liaving  the   rigiit   kind   oi  maiiage- 

ings    and    having     their     dwellings  ment   m    llie   null    from    tlie    agunt 

will   like   him   and  will   make   good  to  the  section  man.    Then  1  trieU  to 

be  better.    He  should  keep  a  close  show   how   to   have     well     satislicd 

watch   over   all   help   employed   on  and  contented  lielp  to  do  this  piac- 

his  job.     Now  with    the   above   lay  tical  and  eilicient  spinning  by  mak- 

out  and  a  practical  man  as  agent  ing  pleasant  their  outside  surround- 

and  superintendent,     there  will     be  ings    and    having    their    dwellings 

no   possible   chance     not     to     have  where  they  abide  so  they  can  truly 

practical   and  efficient  spinning.     I  say,  "I  have  a  Home." 


Number  Five. 


By  R.  J.  BELUE,  Woodruff,  S.  C. 

FRST,  we  will  take  the  over-  the  card,  and  drafts  this  roving 
seer  for  a  starting  point,  from  1  inch  to  10  and  14  inches  in 
because  if-  he  is  a  success-  length,  and  at  the  same  time  twists 
ful  spinner  he  is,  and  must  it  into  yarn.  Now  let  me  say  right 
aK  aj  3  be,  the  head  of  his  depart-  here  that  to  run  a  spinning  room 
mcTit.  He  should  be  a  level-headed  the  overseer  should  be  a  good  prac- 
ma'n,  slow  to  anger,  and  always  tical  man  who  understands  the 
ready  to  answer  all  questions  of  any  frames  and  their  operation.  Books 
importance.  We  find  that  it  takes  are  all  rirht,  but  not  in  the  spin- 
more  experience  to  manage  help  in  ning  room, 
the  spinning  room  than  in  any  oth-  Drafts. 

pL.iTrf/hn--    "^""^     '^■^'''■-      ^r~  i  tlo  not  believe  in  over  11  inches 

olu.^  lu  ^.f^P  ''h'i'"  room  practi-  fo^  ^^^  3^,3  ^^.^..^^  double  roving  and 

.ni^h^ijLn/.^^-P/'"®/^',"*''^''  not  over  12y2  mches  for  4Us  lilling 

^ni   .nH  h.H    hii^.'?'^'^"^-  ''^''^f'  Any    practical    spinner   knows    that 

ff  flio  "^  ^^"^^  ^V°^'^  ^"^  Ignorant  the  longer  the  draft  the  weaker  the 

«fn  K  fn  ?o.  n  ?    ^^-^P^^e^ce     aud  ya^  will  be  and  bad  running  work 

±nlri,°J^^'"  ^°  ""^"""'^♦..''^^PwrP'^  is    sure    to    follow.       Given     good. 

ITZi^u^  T^uA''?''''^''  ^^^  ^^'^'^l  smooth  roving  and  the  above  draft 

ffpo^i  i   n.if  ""  spinning  room.    It  ^  good  spinner  should  see  that  his 

^l,M'ihr   .^hat  >-o",<^annot  lake     a  fpame  is  properly  geared  up.    The 

w«  m^f^n?,f"'^RT?,o^  K=T'^  Pk'"  ^rown  gear  should  be  carefully  set 
sons  out  of  it.    Remember  that  they   ;^  the   front   roll   "ear      The   Hnff 

lZ-.'l'LT.'}''''\y.  ?;'^'     '"'''"^I'l   gear  must  nt  together- tigMin'^th 

r-n  in  Lm.^L  ♦t^   ^-^T-  ^%  "i^'^-  croxN-n  gear  stud  and  the  draft  gear 

tL  Jf?=iin  ^chn.^H  ^^r^  '^"^^-  ^  geared  well  to  the  back  roller  gear, 
the  overseer  should  se  ect  a  good  ^1      •   .  j-  .  u  <  il. 

bright  young  man  for  a  second  hand  ^''L  "^'"''Tk'''^^  ^?'  ^''^T^'I^^k^ 
and  then  keep  in  touch  with  him  at  "I V^^JLI^I  ^',h^  '°"  ^'^^'  'k^h'^P* 
all  times  and  see  that  he  stavs  on- his  !!-^hh  °'^  h"  IK  ^^""n  °"  ^"^'^  u'"" 
job.  See  that  he  has  the  belts  or  middle  and  back  roller  gears  be- 
the  tight  pullevs  and  that  he  is  cf  use  if  these  gears  are  not  set  care- 
right  behind  his  section  men,  be-  ^"."^  /°^  ,''''!'  certainly  have  un- 
cause  there  are  manv  section  men  jarn. 
in  this  dav  and  time  and  are  onlv  For  30s  and  40s  made  from  ordi- 
looking  for  stopping  time,  pav  day?  ^ary  cotton  T  want  Dixon  saddles, 
and  Sunday^!  '  both  front  and  back,  with  weight  on 
In  the  spinning  room  we  find  the  ^H  three  rolls.  For  50s  to  80s  on 
spinning  frames.  These  spinning  'o^ig  staple  cotton  I  want  Dixon  Lu- 
machines   receive   the   roving  from  bricating  saddles  which     only    put 

14 


weight  on  the  front  and  back  rolls  and  then  if  he  breaks  down  a  lot 
Levers  should  be  set  on  a  perlec'  ol  ends  he  must  do  his  bad  work 
level    so    that    they    can    raise    the  over.     1    only    allow    them    to    stop 

one  frame  at  a  time. 

Cleaninsj  Up  Spuming. 
I  do  not  believe  in  Ian  rags  or 
pasteboard  rags  in  a  spinning  room 
for  this  means  gouts  in  your  yarn. 
Rails  should  be  brushed  olf  once  an 
hour  and  roving  creels  wiped  three 
times  a  week.  Thread  guides  should 
be  run  out  at  least  once  every  hour 


weight  witli  ease  wlien  necessary. 
Oilinij  Top  Uolls. 
The  top  rolls  should  be  oiled  wel' 
and  too  much  care  cannot  be  taker 
with  a  drip  oil  can.  Only  the  mid- 
dle and  back  top  rolls  should  b( 
oiled  once  per  week  on  3Us  and  4Us 
The  front  rolls  should  be  oiled  every 
day.     The  front  top  roll  should  b 


ua>.     iiie  iiom  top  luu  m.u mu  u.  -^  ^^^  running 

Cleaned  up    liree  tines  a  week.  Ihe  J^l^ning,  besides  making  gouts.  Creel 
steel  rolls  should  be  cleaned  once  ;    ^J^pg  should  be  wiped  oil  once  a  day. 


week  and  taken  from  the  stands  ani 
cleaned  thoroughly  at  least  once  j 
year. 

Twist. 
The  twist  for  ordinary  cotton  t( 


and  the  floor  kept  clean  at  all  times 
A  dirty  U-oor  in  a  spinning  room  cer- 
tainly is  a  sight  to  behold. 

Fast  running  parts,  such  ac  pul- 
leys, gears,  front  stands  and  cylin- 


make  30s  warp,  I   think,  should  bf    (jj^g  should  be  oiled  twice  each  day 
27  to  28  turns  per  inch  with  a  speed 
on  the  front  roll  of  108  revolutions 


per  minute,  2  3-4  gauge,  1  5-8  No 


Tempera  I  lire 

Temperature  plays  a  very  impor 


both 


2  llange  ring,  0  inch  traverse,  and  tant  part  in  a  spmnmg  room 
Rhodes-Chandler  separators.  At  as  to  even  numbers  and  ?ood  jun- 
present,  I  am  running  1  3-4  inch  ning  work,  l^eep  the  dry  side  of  lh< 
ring,  7  inch  traverse,  1  3-8  ring,  No  thermometer  about  lo  ovSOde- 
t  llange  and  2  3-4  inch  gauge.  grees  and  the  wet  side  about  '0  to 

For  40s  niling  I  use  about  25  turns  75.  or  as  near  as  you  Possib ly  tan 
per  inch  with  a  speed  on  the  front  If  the  heat  goes  up  to  8o  oi  90  oper 
roll  of  110  R.  P.  M.,  6  inch  traverse,  up  your  top  transoms  to  let  I  no 
1  3-8  inch  ring,  No.  2  llange,  2  3-4  warm  air  out  and  ^PeP  the  hum  id- 
inch  gauge,  without  any  separators  ily  in  your  room  as  stated  anove 
i>nmnn  To    havc    good    running   work    anr 

"'^'""?-  ,  .  this    is    verv    essential— the    carder 

Doffing  is  one  of  the  most  impor-  g^o^ifj   weigh   8   to    16   bobbins     of 
tant   features    in   a   spinning   room    ^^^1^^  and  bring  them  to  the  .^pin- 
Bad  dolling  and  end  piecing  is  the   ^^j^^^     room      The     spinner     should 
rst  thing  that  I  can  mention.  Th«        -^  ^^  l^^st   l-'^O  vards   from  tlirm 


doff  boy  will  tear  down  a  nuinbei  ^^^  weich  them'  verv  carefully, 
Ol  ends,  then  the  end  piecer  comes  gp^f^ij^i^r  {he  carder  a  copy  of  th 
along  m  ::  hurry  trying  to  keep  up  ^p,vhts  It  i"  often  a  good  prarti 
and  trouble  follows.  Perhaps,  the  (.^i  "jdoa' to  pick  out  a  batch  of  bob 
frame  has  been  running  a  long  tim(    ^-^^^  j^  ^^uj.  ^.^^^-^  and  weigh  then 


without  being  pieced  up  and  th( 
rolls  are  all  choked  up.  The  piecei 
will  leave  down  some  of  the  ends 
and  this  makes  trouble  for  the  spin- 
ner, and  there  is  a  loss  in  produc- 


them 
at  random. 

Travelers. 

We  hear  a  great  deal  said  about 
travelers.     The    writer    has    had    a 


tion.  The  doffer  boy  will  also  lap  good  deal  of  experience  on  10  to  80s, 
ends.  This  goes  to  the  spooler  roon  both  single  and  ply  yarn  and  rso.  ^ 
and  there  is  had  work,  wasle  to  b.  flange  rings,  and  some  experience 
cut  off  and  cut  and  luined  bobbins  with  almost  all  makes  and  varie- 
On  filling  the  doffer  boy  will  lap  ties  of  travelers.  I  am  often  per- 
ends  and  run  the  thread  up  high  suaded  to  believe  that  there  is  nol 
on  the  quills.  This  goes  to  thf  so  much  in  the  make  of  the  trav- 
weave  room  and  when  the  filling  eler  as  there  is  in  the  temper,  the 
runs  down  tv.o-lhirds  of  it,  it  wiP  style,  shape  and  circle.  These  are 
break  with  a  long  end  that  will  the  most  important  features  to 
raise  the  filling  fork  several  times  look  after  as  on  them  depends  the 
before  it  stops  the  loom  and  makes  sizes  and  Hnnge  rinsr  you  are  using 
a  tliin  place  in  the  cloth.  This  goe.'  Now  for  the  warp.  T  get  the  bes< 
to  the  cloth  room  and  makes  a  los.*^  re.sults  from  a  wide  R.  P.  traveler. 
there.  The  writer  has  long  since  1  1-4  inch  circle,  No.  2  llange  ring, 
done  aw^ay  with  end  piecers.  Each  For  filling  I  use  a  narrow  rolled 
doffer  must  do  his  own  end  piecinj^  R.  P.  traveler,  1  1-2  inch  circle  and 
just  as  soon  as  the  frame  is  startec*  a  No.  2  flange  ring. 

15 


A  traveler  that  hugs  the  ring  too  mention  as  it  may  be  helpful  to 
tight  will  cause  a  friction  on  your  some  one.  A  great  deal  has  been 
yarn.  By  a  careful  observation  you  said  about  which  is  the  best  way  to 
will  find  the  end  wire  cut  down  drive  the  traverse.  I  drive  my  trav- 
at  the  ring.  Now  the  overseer  must  erse  up  fast  and  down  slow.  Why? 
be  his  own  judge  for  the  weights  of  First,  because  up  and  down  is 
his  travelers  because  the  size  of  the  away  from  the  delivery  of  the 
ring  and  the  length  of  the  traverse  front  roll,  and  does  not  pull  your 
has  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  yarn  so  hard.  Second,  when  the 
weights.  traverse  is  going  up  fast  it  is  com- 

Waste  on  Floor.  ing    up    and    meoting    the    delivery 

A  good  spinner  will  teach  his  ^J  ^'^^^  J'''^^"-  ^f^'^^'l'  """"^'K  ^^ 
men  to  be  careful  about  throwing  ^^ne  by  reversmg  the  heart  wheel, 
white  cotton  on  the  fioor,  as  this  is  Spoolmg  and  Lappinn. 

a  great  loss.  Not  long  ago  I  tried  A  spooler  tender  should  be  very 
a  family  of  spinners.  I  passed  careful  to  tie  all  ends  and  not  lap 
through  the  room,  and  behold,  their  them  and  you  must  be  sure  to  see 
alloys  were  full  of  white  cotton,  she  had  pulled  the  slack  out  of  the 
I  told  one  of  the  girls  not  to  throw  yarn,  when  she  ties  every  end  so 
the  cotton  on  the  floor  and  she  said  that  it  will  not  kink  up.  This  kink, 
that  she  had  always  thrown  her  if  sized  there,  will  slop  a  loom 
lap  waste  on  the  floor.  What  about  every  time  where  a  stop  motion  it 
that.   Mr.   Spinner?  used  on  the  loom.    If  no    stop  mo- 

Solting  Spindles  and   Guides.         tion  is  used  it  may  break  out  as  a 

Spindle    setting    is    another     im-  pick  out. 
portant  thing.    A  spindle  should  be  Warping. 

set  in  the  center  of  the  ring  and  nqw  we  have  come  to  the  last 
the  guide  wire  set  m  the  center  of  machine  before  yarn  is  sized  or 
the  ppmdle.  dressed.     A    geod,    careful    warper 

Roynig  men  should  place  the  rov-  tender  means  a  great  deal  to  good 
ing  m  two  neat  piles,  two  layers  running  weaving.  She  should  takr 
high  on  each  frame,  leaving  an  pains  in  getting  up  the  end  of  the 
opening  m  the  middle  and  on  each  beam  so  it  will  not  make  a  lap  on 
end  of  the  frame  for  the  empty  the  slasher.  Laps  on  the  slasher 
running  bobbins.  mean   loose   ends     in     the     weave 

Traverse  Speed.  room.    So,  Mr.  Boss  Weaver,  I  will 

Here   is   a   point   that     T     might  turn  it  over  to  you  now. 


Number  Six. 


By  W.  W.  BECKNELL,  Rome,  Ga. 


In  beginning  this  article.  I  want  yarn.  All  the  roving  sets  in  the 
to  state  that  if  we  want  to  obtain  creel  should  be  kept  in  good  condi- 
the  best  results  in     the     spinning  tion. 

room,  we  must  have  an  etTicient  Rolls  should  be  properly  adjust- 
man  in  charge  of  the  carding.  He  ed  to  the  length  of  the  staple  used 
must  be  a  man  who  is  interested  in  and  on  long  staple  cotton  there 
and  understands  his  job.  knows  should  not  be  any  weight  on  the 
when  his  settings,  drafts  and  other  middle  rolls.  Rolls  must  be  look- 
adjustments  are  correct  and  keeps  ed  after  closely  and  all  those  on 
his  waste  down  as  low  as  possible,  which  the  leather  is  cither  rough. 
This  will  prevent  having  much  re-  worn  fluted  or  loose,  should  be  re- 
worked stock  which  will  be  detri-  placed  with  new  ones  for  it  is  not 
mental  to  tho  finished  product.  The  economy  to  stint  vourself  on  rolls 
roving  should  be  delivered  to  tho  arid  sacrifice  quality, 
spinner  in  practically  a  perfect  The  roving  trumpet  should  trav- 
condition.  Then  it  is  up  to  the  el  as  near  the  full  length  of  the 
spinner  to  do  likewise  by  the  rolls  as  possible  without  the  rov- 
weaver.  ing  runnine  out  at  the  ends.    This 

On  medium  fine  mimbers  all  the  will  give  the  benefit  of  the  whole 
roving   skewors    should   be    scorch-  working  surface  of  the  rolls. 

ed  on  the  bottom  so  that  they  will  Oiling.  

be  hard   and   turn     without     much      Everything  about  the  frame,  ex- 
friction,  as  friction  will  stretch  the  cept   the   spindles,   should   be   oiled 

16 


on  Mondays.  All  fast  running  parts,  made  of  roving  and  put  on  as  near 
including  the  front  stands  and  front  the  same  tension  as  a  careful  band 
ton  rolls,  if  they  are  solid,  should  boy  can  get  them, 
be  oiled  every  morning.  Cylinders  All  new  bobbins  should  be  exam- 
bearings  and  quick  gears  should  be  ined  to  see  if  they  fit  the  spmdle 
oiled  twice  a  day.  Spindles  should  and  are  correct  in  every  way  o  in- 
be  oiled  with  the  best  grade  of  sure  good  running  work.  VVeight 
ipindle  oil  every  two  weeks,  and  levers  should  be  of  unitorm  height 
the  top  and  bottom  back  rolls  oil-  and  the  stirrups  not  allowed  to  run 
ed  twice  a  week  with  the  regular  against  the  steel  rolls, 
roll  oil.  Overhauliiifl. 

Waste.  Steel  rolls  should  be  scoured  ev- 

Spinners  should  not  be  allowed  to  cry  six  months  and  all  new  frames 
cut  oir  any  roving  when  creeling.  To  should  be  re-leveled  and  the  roller 
teach  them,  let  it  run  near  enough  stands  and  cylinder  bearings  lined 
out  to  pull  oir  a  short  length  of  every  year  for  two  or  three  years, 
roving  and  explain  to  them  that  After  that  time  they  can  be  put  off 
the  more  waste  there  is  to  rework  for  two  or  three  years  bcLween 
the  worse  the  spinning  will  run.  times.  The  bolsters  should  be  cx- 
Spinners  should  be  supplied  with  amined  every  year  and  where 
large  pocket  aprons  and  taught  to  either  the  packing  or  steps  are 
keep  all  white  waste  off  of  the  worn  they  should  have  new  pack- 
floor,  ing  or  steps  as  the  case  may  be.  The 
Doffing,  and  Production.  spindle    should    be    plumbed    every 

There  should  never  be  more  than  year  and  guide  wires  re-set.  All 
nnp  fnmp  <?tnnnpfi  af  a  fimp  wifh  guide  Wires  With  holes  worn  in 
one  name  Slopped  at  a  tinie  witn  &  should  be  replaced  with  new 

each  set  of  fleers.  The  head  doffer  them  snouia  ne      p    ^^^  ^^ 

or  ei  her  a  lead  doffer  who  is  paid  fg^^^'years  without  being  reversed. 
a  little  extra,  with  each  set  of  dof-  J^"  >  ^^  traveler  cleaner  in  the 
fers  will  be  found  a  good  invest-  proper  position.  Rolls  should  be 
ment.  Each  doffer  must  do  his  own  ^6^1  every  day  and  all  the  lint 
piecing  up  as  it  reduces  waste.  Ney-  ^  «^  «  ^^^  fJo„,  ^under  the  saddles 
er  allow  them  to  lap  ends,  or  to  ^^  around  the  steel  roll  stands. 
wrap  the  ends  high  on  the  quills.  Roving  creels   should  be   cleaned 

Every  frame  on  each  number  of  g^.g^y  ^fay  and  it  will  depend  on 
yarn  must  be  geared  alike,  the  ^j^^^  numbers  are  being  made  and 
ratchet  take  up  the  same  number  xj^g  „pade  of  cotton  being  used  as 
of  teeth  and  the  stroke  the  same  ^^  ^wv/  often  the  guide  boards 
length.  It  is  surprising  the  num-  g^ouid  bg  run  out  and  the  spindle 
ber  of  spinning  rooms  a  man  can  ^aiis  brushed.  They  should  be 
go  into  and  find  a  seven  inch  stroke  dganed  often  enough  to  keep  them 
and  find  some  only  make  six  and  a  looking  nicely.  Have  a  certain  time 
half,  while  others  make  six  and  ^  ^f  ^  ^^g  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  should 
three-quarters,  with  only  a  few  'g^^  \hat  it  is  done  at  that  time.  In 
making  the  full  seven  inch  stroke.  |eo  i  machines  and 

It    18   very   plain    that    the    frames  ^rs  are  kept  clean,  the  help  will 
which  make  only  six  and  one-half  ^^^j^g  ^^ore  pride  in  their  work  than 
to  SIX     and     three-quarters    stroke  ^^  ^  pQom  where  things  are  dirty, 
will  get  full  before  the  ones  mak-  r>^„^..oi  n«rv.<ipL-c 

ing  seven  inches,  and  they  will  have  Genera    Remarks 

to  stand  five  or  ten  minutes  every  Spinning  should  never  be  over- 
doff  waiting  on  the  doffers  to  get  speeded,  and  all  the  yarn  should  be 
to  them.  This  will  total  a  big  loss  run  with  as  little  twist  as  possible 
in  a  week's  or  month's  production,  so  that  the  sizing  will  penetrate  the 

The  lifter  rods  should  work  free-  "/am-  Then  you  get  as  high  per  cent 
ly  and  the  builder  be  adjusted  prop-  of  size^  in  the  yarn  as  is  prac  ical 
erly  so  there  will  be  no  tangled  work  with  the  line  of  goods  manufnc  nr- 
to  make  waste.  Every  overseer  ed.  Sizing  is  cheaper  than  cot  on 
should  have  a  rule  that  all  tangled  and  slack  twisted  filling  helps  the 
frames  must  be  reported  to  him.  appearance  of  the  cloth  and  gives  it 
•fating  what  section  the  frame  is  in  a  good  feel. 

and   the  reason  why  it  is   tangled.      The  spinner  should  keep  a  com- 

and  he  should  keep  a     record     of  plete  record  of  everything  going  on 

them.  in  his  room,  such  as  the  different 

Use  as  small  a  band  as  possible,  kinds  of  waste  made,   the  produc- 

17 


lion,  rollers  used  and  on  which  sec- 
tion, different  supplies  and  oil. 
Each  section  man  should  be  given 
a  slalement  every  Monday  of  what 
his  amount  was  the  previous  week, 
and  if  there  are  any  tangled  frames 
they  should  be  marked  in  the  state- 
ment in  red  ink. 

The  most  practical  way  I  know  of 
obtaining  efficiency  in  any  room  is 
to  promote  your  own  men  when 
possible.  Plan  ahead  and  pick  oul 
the  brightest  boys  for  head  doffers. 
oilers  and  banders,  so  they  can  pre- 
pare themselves  for  a  section  and 
when  there  is  a  vacancv  for  a  sec- 
ond hand,  promote  your  best  sec- 
tion man.  Take  time  to  fully  ex- 
plain any  questions  the  section  men 
ask  you  and  advise  them  in  any 
way  you  can  to  make  them  better 


men.  Do  not  be  afraid  they  will 
know  too  much,  for  the  better  men 
they  are,  the  easier  it  will  be  on  the 
overseer  and  the  more  valuable 
they  will  be  to  the  mill. 

There  are  several  things  about 
spinning  which  I  have  omitted  for 
lack  of  space,  but  in  closing  I  wish 
to  say  that  if  every  overseer  would 
devote  part  of  the  time  he  spends 
in  day  dreams  about  different  good 
jobs  he  would  like  to  get,  to  study- 
ing and  carrying  out  ideas  and  get- 
ting the  job  he  now  has  in  good 
shape  so  that  he  can  earn  the  repu- 
tation of  being  one  of  the  best  over- 
seers, he  will  be  in  demand  and 
good  jobs  will,  come  to  him  as  fast 
as  he  can  handle  them,  and  there 
would  be  a  higher  state  of  efTiciency 
in  all  the  mills  than  there  is  today. 


Number  Seven. 


By  J.  W.  OUZTS,  Greenwood,  S.  C. 


To  begin  with,  two  things  are  greater  than  the  length  at  which 
absolutolv  essential  in  order  to  spin  stock  will  spin  well  at  the  back 
succossfully.  The  first  is  suitable  speed  of  the  frames.  It  is  bcttef 
equipment,  and  the  second  is  proiv  to  doff  often  than  to  have  bad  run- 
er  stock  for  the  numbers  and  qual-  ning  spinning.  It  would  be  foolish 
it/  of  yarn  boine  spun.  We  will  to  outline  sizes  here,  as  this  has  to 
assume  that  every  spinner  knows  be  dealt  with  as  each  case  may  re- 
what  these  should  be  and  will  pass  quire.  However,  it  is  generally  safe 
on  to  the  methods  of  obtaining  the  to  be  inclined  to  the  small  size  of 
best    results.  the  catalog  specifications.  T  do  not 

Travelers  should  receive  a  great  advise  separators  for  soft  yarns, 
deal  of  attention.  You  should  get  These  can  be  handled  best  without 
a  numhpr  of  different  stvles  and  the  separators.  There  is  one  pomt 
sizps  and  experiment  carefullv  with  f  want  to  insist  on,  that  is  eloanli- 
each  style  yarn  you  are  spinning  ness.  Some  overseers  may  exclaim 
and  when  you  find  the  traveler  at  this,  but  any  one  who  cannot 
which  runs  best  for  you  adopt  this  keep  the  room  clean  had  better  get 
tmvrler  and  stick  to  it.  I  have  seer  out  of  the  way.  I  am  not  gomg 
work  improved  20  to  30  per  cent  by  to  say  that  rollers  should  be  pick- 
adopting  the  proper  travelers.  Trav-  ed  out  so  many  times  a  week,  etc.. 
elers  should  also  be  changed  sys-  etc.,  but  will  say  this:  Get  your 
temnticallv  on  all  varus,  everv  two  walls  and  overhead  whitened  nice- 
weeks,  on  numbers  below  20s  and  ly-  keep  them,  includmg  pulleys, 
everv  three  weeks  on  numbers  fin-  haneers  clonn.  f\nnr  swppt  and 
er  than  20s.  These  should  not  br  scoured  and  kppt  nicely  all  thft 
chaPL-od  all  in  the  same  day,  hut  time.  After  this  is  done,  formulatp 
divided  so  that  enough  be  changed  >n'es  for  frame  donning  tn  suit 
each  day  so  as  to  get  around  in  your  npods.  Do  a  little  Ipctiinne 
time  to  start  again.  T  figure  this  on  cleanliness,  indndme  thp  npat 
out,  not  counting  Saturdavs,  so  a?  appearance  of  your  girls,  and  see 
nnl  fo  interfere  with  cleaning.  Bv  tiow  easy  it  is  to  kppp  thinffs  in 
changing  in  this  way,  vou  avoid  r  "ood  shape.  T  nevpc  cpally  blame 
lot  of  cut  yarn  at  one  time,  and  this  the  girls  for  not  cleaning  up  when 
keeps  the  quality  uniform.  Gener-  *tie  overseer's  and  secnnd  hand'i 
allv  speaking,  I  think  that  round  appearance  are  wor^se  than  that  nf 
points  are  best  for  hard  yarn,  and  "Dixip  Slim."  and  the  room  looks 
square  points  best   for  soft  varn.       I'^'p  the   interior  of  a  second   class 

The  size  of  rings  and   the  length   ginnery. 
of   the    traverse    should    bo   studied       Oiline  should  rpceivp  close  attpn- 
carefully.     These    should     not     be  tion.    All  bearings  and  rolls  should 

18 


be  well  lubricated  at  all  times.  A  utes.  This  is  a  saving  of  one  houi 
good  plan  is  to  have  each  sectioi  and  six  minutes  per  week,  or  one 
hand  to  do  his  oiling.  He  will  soon  day  in  six  weeks,  or  5  days  a  year 
learn  that  careful  oiling  will  elim-  Time  is  precious  and  a  minute  losf 
inate  practically  all  breaking  down  on  a  frame  makes  a  difference  and 
and  this  makes  it  much  easier  for  one  lost  can  never  be  regained, 
himself  and  cheaper  for  the  mill  Every  section  man  ought  to  be  en- 
Spindles  should  be  oiled  once  f  couraged  to  carry  a  walch  and 
week,  with  a  very  light  oil,  as  thi;  taught  the  value  of  its  use  in  se- 
keeps  them  running  lightly  and  curing  elliciency.  Time  every  move- 
steadily.  An  unsteady  spindle  does  ment  of  the  help  and  see  how  nmch 
Hot  spin  well.  .  time  can  be  saved  by  doing  things 

A  piece  svstem  for  paying  spin-  quickly.  A  qujck  moving  girl  car 
ners  and  doffers  is  the  best,  as  this  earn  more  than  a  slow  one.  and 
encourages  them  to  strive  to  keer  will  not  work  as  hard  either,  and  i: 
the  belt  where  it  belongs  and  the  of  much  more  vaue  m  the  mill, 
front  roll  running  at  full  speed.  You  should  ever  be  on  the  look- 
The  number  of  idle  spindles  on  I  he  out  lor  more  ethcient  methods  in 
frames  should  be  checked  twice  j-'^e  room.  Never  thmk  that  you 
daily  and  the  reason  demanded  as  have  reached  the  hmit  m  efliciency 
to  why  they  are  idle.  A  sectioi  The  waste  problem  is  an  impor- 
man  who  cannot  keep   his  spindles  tant  one   and   should   not   be   oxer- 


producing  is  poor  property. 


looked.  A  great  many  people  do  not 


well.    If  the  room  becomes  dry  sud- 
denly  and     the     yarn     gets     light 


A    spinner    should    study    his    at-  I'ealize   that  rovmg  and     scavenger 

mospheric   conditions    and    keep     a  ^'0^\    waste    amounts    to    much    as 

close  tab  on   his  roving  weights  in  't    '«.  reworked,    but     it     does.     It 

order    to    keep    his    work    running  i-equires    power    and    labor   cost    to 

make  roving  and  hence  a  spinner 
ouRht  to   try   to  get  every  possible 

change   the  draft   for   a   while,    for  ounce  of  yarn  out  of  the  rovi.-g  ue- 

if    the    travelers   are    regulated    for  I'^ered  to  him.    Besides  the  loss  in 

2/is   thev   will    not   run   well    if   the  power  and  labor  cost  m  reworking 

yarn  goes  25s  or  23s.     Roving  musl  .^'ns  waste,  a  good  deal  f  it  is  lost 

have    plenty    of    twist    in    order    to  '"  reworking  the  lappers.  cards  and 

spin  well.     In   fact,   the  writer  has  other  processes.    Then.  too.  it  does 

seldom  seen  it  with  too  much  twist  "ot  work  well  and  causes  bad  run- 

If   there   is   not   plentv   of   twist   in  "'""  spinning.     After  being  careful 

roving    it    stretcties      between     the  ^o  keep  this  waste  to  the  minimiiiu, 

bobbins  and  rolls  and  causes  weak  ^^re  should  he  taken  to  prevent  its 

places    in    the   yarn,    and    the    ends  &<^<-ting   on    the    floor,   and    into    the 

to   nm   badly  sweepings     as     these     sell  for  only 

A  great  deal  of  production  is  los'  one^haU  cent  per  pound.  It  ought 
in    dotTing.    It    is   best    to   work    all 


dofTer.f    in   one   squad    in     a     smal' 
rcon>,  and  allow  only  one  frame  at 

a    time    to    be    stopped    for   dnfTing  ^,„„„,„j    f„ ,.  ,,■  # 

This   is   a   little   hard    to   do  where  f'?''^^    ^'^""^    '^/^   selling   price    of 


to  be  seen  that  this  is  all  thev  are 
worth.  The  most  expensive  via^^te 
is  thread  waste,  this  sells  for  5*4 
cents   per  pound,   which,     if     sub- 


more    than    one    number    is    being 


the  yarn,  gives  the  loss.    Traverses 

spun,   but  by  clo.se  atention   it  car   'lilnoi^  .^.h  ^ITVI^n  ^♦^/'^'h  T''*"'"^ 
be  handled.    Tn  a  room  of  20  fillinp   o^^^^-  ^"^.^  '  ^"^^^  *^^1"*^^   '"  "^^e 

every  possible  ounce  of  yarn. 

To  get  a  good  production  at  a 
small  labor  and  waste  co?t  it  is 
necessary    to    have    plenty    of    el1l- 


ing 
frames  and  20  warp  frames  on  12s 
the  writer  used  to  run  11  doffers 
in  one  squad,  and  rarely  ever  ha< 
more  than  one  frame  stopped  at  f 


time.  We  doffed  on  an  average  f^'*'"*'  labor.  The  way  to  have  ihis 
on  one  frame  a  minute  while  mak-  's  to  have  good  running  spinnii-i,'.  I 
ing    the    round,    this    incliidintr    the   have  never  seen  a  better  melliod  of 


time   consumed   in   emptving  boxes    managing  help   than 
I   mention    this    to    show   what   car    work   mnninqr  nicely, 


keepincr     the 
Do   this   nnd 


be    done     by     concentrating     vour  y^u    will    not    have   to   send    •Jri"r*ial 

forces.     Had   these   doffers  been    in  delivery  letters  and  visit  neitrhhnr- 

two  squads  .the  dofTinqr  time  wouk'  ins:    mills    when     you     should     be 

have   been    two   minutes,   which   or  asleep. 

the      filling     frames     would     hav        EfTiciency    in    the    spinninir    room 

amounted    to    22    minutes    per   dnv  can  be  summed  up  in  a  few  words. 

whereas   it  only  required   11    min-  Study    your     conditions     dillgtntly 

19 


with  a  view  to  good  running  spin-  help,    the    condition    of    equipment 
ning,    conserve    the    time    of   your  and  stock  in  process. 

Number  Eijjht. 


By  J.  C.  EDWARDS,  Rome,  Ga. 


Spinning,  which  to  many  people  between  the  thumb  and  fingers  until 
seems  a  simple  operation,  is  to  me  straight  and  clean.  The  settmg  of 
both  beautiful  and  interesting,  and  the  back  and  middle  rolls  is  ralhei 
I  have  spent  more  than  twenty  immaterial,  but  be  careful  of  your 
years  of  my  life  in  studying  and  front  and  middle  rolls.  Set  the  bot- 
manipulaling  spinning  machinery,  tom  rolls  1-8  inch  from  center  ovej 
I  have  not  learned  all  there  is  to  the  length  of  your  longest  staple.  1 
know  about  spinning  and  will  say  set  the  top  front  rolls  a  little  for- 
that  the  man  who  "knows  it  all'  is  ward  from  the  center  of  the  slee! 
of  less  value  to  his  employer  than  rolls  so  as  to  avoid  a  racking  mo- 
the  man  who  is  still  learning.  tion,  also  to  let  the  twist  run  into 

The  lirst  essential  to  perfect  spin-  the  bite  of  the  rolls  more  freely 
ning  is  perfect  roving.  I  mean  b\  Then  bring  the  bite  of  the  middU 
this  a  roving  well  carded,  of  even  rolls  up  to  1-8  inch  over  the  length 
staple,  not  cut  or  stretched  in  after  of  the  staple.  If  there  is  any  sign 
processes,  but  of  even  diameter  and  of  cockled  yarn  spread  them  fur- 
weight  throughout  its  length.  ther.     I  generally  lind  it  necessary 

As  spinning  is  a  process  of  draw-  to  spread  my  rolls  each  year  ir 
ing  out,  crossed  and  short  fibres,  starting  in  on  new  cotton  and  run 
lumps  or  motes  make  uneven  thread  them  so  for  about  two  months  or 
because  the  middle  roll  is  set  too  until  we  get  dryer  cotton.  Where 
far  off  to  retard  their  movement  you  have  one-third  to  one-half  old 
when  they  enter  the  bite  of  the  front  cotton  to  mix  in,  this  will  not  be 
roll,  so  they  are  jerked  through  necessary.  In  using  extra  long  Mis- 
with  no  draft.  Hence  a  slub.  Ten  sissippi  cotton  I  have  gotten  good 
to  one  a  slub  that  will  not  slip  on  results  by  removing  the  weight  from 
the  thread  when  pulled  through  the  the  middle  rolls  entirely.  This  al- 
fingers,  can  be  laid  to  the  card  room  lows  the  long  staple  to  draw  under 
and  the  card  is  the  only  machine  the  roll,  but  will  retard  the  short 
which  will  remove  the  fault.  T  fibres  somewhat, 
know  that  many  will  differ  with  this  of  course,  spindles  and  guides  re- 
statement and  some  supermtendentr  quire  constant  attention  and  no  defl- 
claim  that  gouts  cannot  come  from  nite  rule  will  applv  to  all  mills,  bu' 
the  card  room,  as  they  would  be  i  will  give  mine  for  cleaning  anc* 
drafted  out  many  times  their  length  operating.  Steel  rolls  are  cleaned 
To  prove  the  statement,  take  a  half  each  week,  but  lint  and  gum  col- 
mch  piece  of  roving  and  twist  if  lect  in  the  stands,  so  we  take  them 
mto  a  rovmg  back  of  the  rolls,  and  out  and  give  them  a  thorough  clean- 
you  will  get  an  half  inch  slub  be-  ing  each  year  before  the  hot  weath- 
cause  there  is  no  draft.  This  er  comes,  the  cost  being  about  5C 
theory  will  hold  on  every  machine  cents  per  frame.  New  frames  shoulc" 
back  to  the  card.  I  tell  our  carder  be  cleaned  well  in  six  months  from 
to  give  me  good  roving  and  I  can  the  time  they  are  started,  spindles, 
spin  it  on  a  wheel-barrow.  plumbed,    etc.      Lever    screws    are 

With  a  good  even  roving  and  just  gone  over  once  a  year  and 
enough  twist  to  wind  off  without  should  have  regular  attention 
stretching,  keep  your  skewers  and  from  the  section  men.  Spin- 
creel  stops  in  as  good  shape  as  pos-  dies  should  be  set  when  repair- 
siblo.  On  fine  numbers  a  good  idea  ed.  usuallv  everv  two  vears.  and 
IS  to  take  the  skewers  out  once  in  frames  lined  and  leveled  at  this 
tvvo  years  and  glaze  the  bottom  with  time.  The  cost  of  lining,  leveling 
a  hot  iron  which  has  a  counter-sink  and  plumbing  spindles  is  about  $3.00 
of  the  proper  shape.  per   frame   and   I   look   over   every 

Have  the  roving  trumpets  travel  frame  mvself  before  starting  them 
as  near  the  full  length  of  the  leath-  up.  Spindles  should  be  oiled  at 
er  cot  as  possible  and  keep  them  i'  least  every  three  weeks.  Traveler 
good  shape  and  going.  Now  find  the  rings  require  some  attention  and 
length  by  taking  a  small  quantity  o^  should  be  replaced  in  not  less  than 
the  roving  or  cotton  and  drawing  i     ten  years,  though  some  of  them  will 

20 


wear  out  in  six  months.  Single  tell  me  the  speeds  he  was  usmg  on 
flange  rings  are  much  cheaper  than  different  numbers,  how  many  sides 
double  nanged  and,  I  think,  should  the  girls  were  runnmg  or  what  his 
be  bought  in  preference  to  double  drafts  were.  I  believe  that  a  man 
flanged,  as  it  is  poor  economy  to  turn  with  anything  less  than  300  opera- 
rings  over,  as  the  polished  surface  tives  should  be  able  tp  tell  off  hand 
is  generally  ruined  by  the  acid  in  all  these  details,  be  intimately  ac- 
the  oils  from  long  standing.  Band-  quaintod  with  all  other  details,  and 
ing  is  a  very  important  item.  T  know  just  what  each  operative  can 
originated  my  own  band  knot  and  do  and  what  they  are  doing, 
require  each  new  man  I  put  on  to  Dolling  is  a  most  important  item 
learn  it  and  stick  to  it.  In  this  way  and  has  always  been  a  difficult  one 
mv  soft  yarn  is  next  to  nothing  am'  I  have  learned  of  late  years  that  tho 
I  seldom  see  a  hobbin.  head  doffers  are  usually  the  trouble 

■  Management  of  help  in  the  spin-  makers.  Pay  doffers  by  the  piece 
ning  room,  as  in  other  departments,  and  cut  out  the  head  doffer  and  if 
requires  a  man  of  ability.  To  begin  the  section  men  have  not  time 
with  I  treat  my  help  fairly,  try  tr  enough  to  give  doffing  a  little  atten- 
«et  a  good  example  by  being  prompt  tion,  reduce  their  work  so  that  Uiey 
and  moral,  and  by  giving  strict  at-  will.  If  any  set  of  boys  get  bohmd 
tention  to  details.  I  trv  to  make  the  with  their  work,  call  on  another  set 
least  of  them  feel  that  T  am  inter-  to  help  them  out  and  pay  them  lor 
estcd  in  them  and  am  their  friend  just  what  they  do.  My  doffers  have 
T  teach  them  that  it  is  business  all  about  a  fourth  of  their  time  lor 
the  time  with  me  and  mv  men,  and  cleaning  and  changing  travelers  and 
I  am  not  adverse  to  going  to  some  under  this  system  they  give  little 
inconvenience  to  accommodate  one  trouble. 
,f  them.  Below  are  a  few  things  to  remem- 

Good  svstem  and  help  connot  be  ber: 
developed  by  the     overseer     alone       Cultivate  the    ambition    of    your 
but    must    be    worked    out   by    the  help  and  promote  them  when  they 
manager     and     superintendent     as  deserve  it.  . 

well  However,  the  overseer  is  the  Pay  a  good  man  what  he  is  wortn. 
man  close  to  the  help  and  should  be  or  else  you  are  training  him  for 
tbsolutely  loyal  to  his  employers,  your  competitor.  ,  ,  ^  ,,  ^  , 
trving  to  teach  the  helo  that  the  An  overseer  should  be  the  first 
mill  must  prosper  before  they  can  man  on  the  job  and  the  last  one  to 
and    the   more    money   we    can    all  leave. 

make  for  the  company  by  doing  the  Do  not  work  a  man  or  woman 
maximum  amount  of  good  work,  that  your  wife  or  sister  would  noi 
the  better  will  be  our  w^orking  con-  work  with.  . 

jlitions.  Do  not  carry  a  grouch,  a  smile  i? 

Bo  as  careful  of  your  assistant's  better  and  fits  your  business  better, 
•haracter  as  vou  are  of  your  own  Do  not  think  that  there  are  de- 
and  teach  them  that  tyranny  will  tails  of  your  job  too  small  to  re- 
not  be  tolerated  and  that  profane  quire  your  attention, 
language  in  the  presence  of  the  dq  not  imagine  that  your  boss  is 
help  is  prohibited.  T  do  all  the  hir-  always  wanting  to  fire  you,  as  there 
ing  and  discharging  in  my  room  and  ,;vill  not  be  the  right  treatment  be- 
•tand  firmly  by  my  men  as  long  a?  [ween  you  if  you  have  that  in  your 
4hey  are  in  the  right.    Rather  than   head. 

•hastise  a  hand,  I  call  the  attention  ^ift  as  much  of  the  boss'  burden 
of  my  second  hand  to  his  faults.  In   ^^^  ^^^   ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^igh  you  were 

this  wav  the  second  hand  learns  to  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^  more 

Jh%s''me''more'ume'To'ke;p'^ac!  Romember,  the  hardest  lesson  fo- 
iuainteTwUh  the  defails  oFth^e  job.  "^  all  is  to  acknowledge  our  ignor- 
and  see  what  the  help  is  doing.     I  ance. 

went  through  one  room  recently  Govern  others  after  you  govern 
with  the  overseer  and  he  could  nof  yourself. 


21 


Number  Nine. 


By  G.  B.  McCRACKAN,  Summitt,  Miss. 


In  writing  what  I  think  to  be  th(    hard  as  a  No.  3  hosiery  yarn  should 

best  plan  of  running     a     spinning  be  twisted,  although  I   have  heard 

room  I  shall  divide  the  subject  as  other  good  men  recommend  a  band 

follows:  of  quite  a  different  construction.  I 

ist.    How  to  get  production.  have  also  gotten  best  results  from 

2nd     How  to  get  quality  tying  a  band  with  what  is  known  as 

3rd."    How  to  keep  down  cost.         the  split  knot,  but  in  using  this  knot 

4th.    How  to  keep  down  waste.       the  band  should  not  be  split  so  far 

6th.    How  to  manage  the  help.      that  it  will  leave  a  small  portion  of 

I  have  often  heard  this  question  ^^i^houfanf tUis?'in''it  u' mfk 
^?lron'^i.Vu^V^p;fey''^n?  tt;^  ^oneThVblnrvilll\"asl'oni;  "^^'er'y 
r^^\     II''    ^hVc  i.  o^lli/oto^o^X^!  short  time  and  it  will  require  two 

bm  th?re  are  a  lar4  number     S  °^  "^^^^  ""^^^  ^^''  number  of  bands 

?hinl   ♦«  ^I  JnlfJ^lJ^^.i   ,.^,,  and  amount  of  labor  to  keep  them 

=?.w^'n^?n  wn  Jmc   Tn  n^H^l  fn  b^IT'  on.    The  travelers  should  be  chang- 

?h/hiHi°n^°fi     HJhf°^SiL°nr.^S  ed  ofteu  euough  to  prevent     them 

n^L^  li^..T  ^in  ^I^L^    nl'  n„r  becoming  sharp   and     cutting     the 

hi^  nf  =f°nn^tn^hf  ^inin  l"u^  thread.     The   fixers   should   be   re- 

SeceJsar  to  have  a  we  trained  se  ^^^^^^  ^°  ^^^"^^"^  '^'  '^^^'  ^^  reg- 
nf  H^ffo.l  or,A^  fhL  w  Ihf  ^  !?jr;  ular  intervals  and  see  that  they  are 
^L'^in^f  fh^?  H.Pv'?niin J^L?.^^^?n  kept  in  good  order  and  above  eVery- 
fn^  T  h.vi  fm  n?  ?  hit  tn  h.  :  thing  else  the  rolls  and  spindles 
Hrff^or  ?n  Hn?  .n'i  li^o!\.^S  fho>  should  be  oilcd  ofteu  enough  to 
^^^  1h°  ZnJ^L^ilL^V^l^  keep  them  in  good  running  order, 
and  Stan 'a  f?ame  before  the  nex^  ^^^^  ^he  oil  sholld  be  put  "only  on 
one  if  L'ppe?  0?  at\he  mos'^noTto  '^'^  ^'^H^^'  and  not  on  the  leather, 
allow  over  two  frames  stopped  at  "ow  to  bet  Uuality. 
the  same  time  to  doff.  The  fixers  All  that  has  been  said  as  to  get- 
should  be  required  to  go  over  their  ting  production  can  also  be  said  in 
frames  about  once  a  month  and  sec  regard  to  quality,  and  besides,  the 
that  all  belt  shifters  are  properly  help  should  be  trained  to  keep  their 
set  and  are  tight.  I  have  known  se-  work  clean;  avoid  making  single 
rious  accidents  to  happen  because  yarn  where  they  use  double  rov- 
a  frame  was  allowed  to  run  with  r  ing,  and  in  puttin?  up  ends  to  make 
loose  belt  shifter.  On  warp  frame?  a  smooth,  even  splice.  The  spin- 
the  traverses  or  ring  rails  should  ners  should  also  be  taught  to  han- 
be  set  so  as  to  leave  only  about  die  the  bobbins  in  such  a  way  that 
one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  they  will  not  tangle  them.  Where 
inch  on  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  different  colors  and  numbers  ar« 
bobbins.  The  waste  should  be  kept  being  run  in  the  same  room,  a  sys- 
olf  of  the  spindles  so  as  to  allow  tem  of  marking  with  different  col- 
the  bobbins  to  go  down  evenly  on  ors  of  crayon  should  be  used  to 
the  spindles.  If  it  is  found  neces-  prevent  the  yarn  being  mixed.  Too 
sary,  the  bobbins  should  be  reamed  many  safeguards  cannot  be  throwm 
out  occasionally.  The  point  that  T  around  this  as  there  is  nothing  that 
wish  to  make  is,  every  yard  of  yarn  hurts  the  quality  of  a  mill's  pro- 
should  be  put  on  i  bobbin  that  can  duct  more  than  mixed  yarn.  Of 
be  put  on  consistent  with  good  course  where  there  is  only  one 
work.  To  keep  the  ends  up  it  is  number  of  yarn  being  spun  from  a 
necessary  to  have  all  the  spindles  certain  color  of  roving,  the  mark- 
set  so  as  to  be  directly  in  the  cen-  ing  with  crayon  is  unnecessary.  A 
ter  of  the  ring  and  all  guide  wire?  hand  should  not  be  allowed  to  piece 
set  so  that  the  point  where  the  up  one  number  of  yarn  with  some 
thread  passes  over  will  be  as  near  other  number  because  if  it  is  filling 
over  the  center  of  the  spindle  as  it  and  it  gets  into  the  cloth  it  will 
is  possible  to  get  it.  The  band?  cause  a  defect  that  will  be  very  no- 
should  be  put  on  in  a  way  that  they  ticeable.  I  was  once  working  in  a 
will  give  the  best  results.  Person-  mill  where  they  were  making  fan- 
ally,  I  have  gotten  best  results  from  cies  and  they  were  having  consid- 
iDands  made  from  about  9  strands  of  erable  trouble  with  occasional 
three-hank  roving  twisted  about  a?  streaks  across  the  cloth.    The  trou- 

22 


ble  was  finally  found  to  be  that  one  than  what  is  known  as  thread 
girl  was  in  the  habit  of  piecing  up  waste.  It  is  oltcn  made  at  the  spool- 
No.  18s  with  No.  3Gs  of  the  same  ers,  due  to  tangled  yarn  coming 
color.  All  hands  should  be  care-  from  the  spuming,  and  as  the  spuol- 
CuUy  trained  to  pick  up  all  bobbins  ing  generally  cornea  under  the  su- 
es soon  as  they  are  dropped  for  if  pervision  of  the  spinner  it  will  not 
a  bobbin  is  allowed  to  lie  on  the  be  out  of  place  to  say  a  little  along 
floor  it  soon  gets  dirty,  and  other-  this  line.  It  is  ^  ^f.^nn^  hnhZ 
wise  damaged,  and  when  it  is  final-  a  spooler  hand  to  ^^^^  "11/  bobbin 
ly  picked  up  it  is  liable  to  be  thrown  of  varn,  even  li  it  is  badly  tang  ed 
n  wHh  yam  of  a  dUlerent  numbei  for  my  experience  has  ^J^^"  that 
unless  the  boys  are  very  carefully  wl.  n^a  spooler  hand^.s  allowed  ^  to 

Filling   yarn    should    receive     all  does   not  care   Ijow   many   she   gets 

the  carl  that  is  generally  given  to  ^nd  will  "1  ten  cut  otf  bobbins  ^ 

warp  yarn.    The  bobbins  should  be  could  be  saved  il  she  weieiot  al- 

fiUed    as    full    as    the    shuttles,     in  i^wed    to    use    a   km! e._^^ Again,   ^^if 
which  they 
mit,  and  th 
on   the  bobb 
without     leaving 


cause  this  trouble.    There  are  some  "^ot'^y   .     ,,  „„  ,.     ,.,„Ha,. 

makes  of  frames  that  have  the  ring  fnd  it  is  then  an  ea^y     i"^tte 

rails  heavier  than  the  weights.  This  trace  the  frame  up  ad  see  tat  it 

kind  of  frame  will  make  snarly  fill-  is  fixed,  otherwise  't  "iig   t  lui     or 

ing  if  the  point  of  the  cam  becomes  several  days  ancliiake  several  hn^ 

harllv  worn  clred  pounds  of  tangled  >arn  before 

How  to  Keep  Down  Cost.  it  is  nnally  discovered     and     fixt'd 

The  best  way  to  keep  down  cost  When   a   Irame   tangles   at   the    top 

is  to  see  that  the  machinery  is  kept  of  the  bobbin  it  would  usually  be 

up  to  the  very  highest  point  of  ef-  reported  by  the  spinner     but     ^  e 

ficiency  and  then  ?ee  that  it  is  kept  goes  not  wa  ch   the  ^tjoton    of   the 

running  and  running  at  the  proper  bobbins. so  closely  and  it   the  vvork 

•peed.    Spinning  room  help  are  very  is   running   fairly   well   it   is   ea.ily 

bad   about  putting  their  belts  only  overlooiiea. 

ebout    one-half    way    on    the    tight      There    are    many    other    ways    in 

pullev,  thus  allowing  them   to   lose  which    tangled    yarn      and      thread 

•peed.    This  is  a  verv  costly  prac-  waste  can  be  made  and  prevented, 

tice.  for  it  not  only  causes  the  frame  but    space    forbids    further    discus- 

to  lose  production,  but  injures  the  sion  here. 

belt  also.  If  frames  are  kept  clean  The  management  of  help  has  been 
well  oiled,  and  properly  fixed,  it  treated  along  with  the  other  sub- 
will  not  require  more  than  the  reg-  jects,  therefore  I  will  only  add,  that 
ular  amount  of  help  to  run  them  to  manage  help  it  is  only  necessary 
•nd  then  if  the  help  is  looked  after  to  get  them  to  realize  that  you  are 
and  made  to  run  the  machines  the  ^jQgg^  ^i^t  you  mean  what  you  say, 
cost  per  pound  will  be  the  lowesi  and  will  keep  all  promises,  both  as 
possible.  to  rewards   and  punishments.  Once 

How  to  Keep  Down  Waste.  they  are  made  to  realize  this  it  is 

There  is  no  waste   that  is   mor(  only  necessary  to  keep  them  realiz- 

expensive  for  a  cotton  mill  to  make  ing   it. 


Number  Ten. 


By  R.  H.  BANKS,  Roanoke  Rapids,  N.  C. 


I  think  all  good  mill  m^n  will  The  manap:or  or  nversepr  should 
agree  with  me  when  I  say  that  the  be  a  man  of  good  habits  and  good 
■pinning  room  is  the  hardest  roon^  sound  judgment.  One  of  the  worst 
In  the  mill  to  run,  as  you  have  to  mistakes  an  overseer  can  mnkp  is 
•ontend   with   all   the   children.  to  curse  before  thr-  boys  and  girls, 

23 


and  say  that  he  will  do  one  thing  and  the  following  will  cause  bad  work 
then  turn  around  and  do  another  in  the  spinning  room.  Carding 
thing,  't  will  not  be  long  before  should  be  done  as  light  as  possible 
ml^  disliked  by  all  of  the  help.  so  that  the  spinner  will  not  have  to 
Ihe  best  way  to  manage  help  is  draft  too  long.  If  the  drafts  and 
to  systematize  your  room  and  let  twists  are  not  right  in  the  card  room 
the  work  run  as  smoothly  as  pos-  they  will  cause  bad  spinning.  Some 
sible.  Have  the  help  respect  you:  carders  will  say  that  their  work  15 
do  not  have  any  favorites,  treat  all  all  right,  when  they  know  it  is  not 
alike  if  possible,  and  always  treat  right,  and  will  say  that  the  twist 
the  help  with  respect  in  the  mill  is  right  and  that  the  roving  will  no 
and  out  for  most  of  the  troubh  break  back,  even  when  their  work 
comes  from  bad  management.  The  is  not  right.  I  knew  of  one  cas. 
overseer  should  not  try  to  manage  where  the  carder  boasted  that  his 
children  in  the  same  way  as  growr  work  was  always  right,  but  the 
people.  He  should  be  a  teacher  and  spinning  was  always  bad.  A  new 
a  leader,  not  a  driver,  treating  them  carder  took  the  place  later,  and  put 
as  ne  would  like  to  be  treated.     I  in  4  teeth  of  twist  and  in  a  few  days 

uW./n.':.'?./c^foi    o^'^^s^i'^s     who   the    spinning    room    looked    like    v 
wouid  m^ver  speak  a  good  word  tc 
their    help,    and    never    use     good 
judgment.     Being  a   good   managei 
does  not  mean  running  to  the  super 
intendent  with  petty  tales  and  ex- 
cuses all  the  time  for  he  has  other 
thfns-s  to  look  aftei- 
The    second    hand      in      spinning 


spi 
new  room.     A  carder     may     have 
enough  twist  in  the  roving  to  keep 
it    from    breaking    back,    and    still 
not    have    enough,    for    the    cotton 
may  be  poor.    A  carder  should  d( 
all    he    can   to   make   the   spinning 
room  run   well.  t 

oh«,.M    *        t  -      —      „,.......„t       The  spinning  room,  as  some  look 

snouifi  try  to  manage  as  well  a?  at  it,  is  simple,  but  when  vou  tackle 
l!\r.A-'^^^^,^^\  *'i^"^.^  ^^^  seconc'  it,  it  is  a  ditTerent  thing.  There  are 
nann  is  not  always  given  the  chance  a  number  of  things  I  could  mentior 
L  .r^''"'^'^Tu^^-^x^^  ^^^^^  ^^'^y  ^^^  that  make  good  running  work  and 
no  more  authority  than  that  of  a  good  even  yarn,  as  well  as  quality 
dntrer  boy.  The  second  hand  shnuld  and  production.  Of  course,  quality 
have  full  authority  in  making  and  quantity  is  what  the  mill  own- 
chanees  among  the  help  and  plac-  ers  desire. 

inff  thorn.  The  overseer  shnuld  help  The  cleaning  system  is  one  of 
mm.  hut  should  not  ero  around  and  the  main  things  in  a  spinning  room. 
Change  them  after  they  have  been  and  everv  overseer  should  have 
piacod  by  the  second  hand.  Tf  you  some  system  of  cleaning.  I  will  not 
wants  a  hand  changed,  tell  the  give  a  system,  as  all  rooms  cannot 
second  hand  to  make  the  change,  or  be  run  alike,  as  some  are  on  fine 
the  help  will  get  so  they  will  not  work  and  some  on  coarse.  There- 
obpy  that  second  hand.  The  man-  fore,  the  cleaning  cannot  all  be  done 
aeement  of  help  is  a  hard  problem  alike.  The  main  thing  in  a  spin- 
and  it  is  hard  to  advise  a  man  riing  room  is  good  section  hands  01 
how  to  run  his  room,  for  there  are   fixers.     They  should  know  how  tr 


no  two  rooms  which   can   he  man 
a^pd    exactly    alike.     Adapt    your 


run  the  work,  and  should  train  theii 
help  on  their  sections     to     inform 


self  to  the  circumstances  and  then   them   at  once  of  any  broken   back 


apnlv  common  sense  and  .judgment 
Running  a   spinning  room    is  no 
as   oasy   as    it   may   seem.     To   get 


ends,  or  other  trouble.  The  section 
men  should  not  speak  harshly  to 
the  help  when  they  come  to  them 


good  production  and  qualitv.  it  is  but  go  with  them  to  the  trouble 
necpQsary  in  the  first  place  to  have  or  tell  them  they  will  be  there  soon 
good  work  from  the  card  room,  as  possiblp.  The  oiler  should  be  r 
Poor  quality  from  the  card  room  Rood  reliable  boy  or  man,  and  onr 
will  muse  had  work.  The  cardcT  who  will  work  to  keep  his  job  up 
sboTild  try  to  mix  his  potton  wel'  He  should  help  the  section  ban-' 
and  nick  it  so  that  he  will  not  havr    whenever  he  has  time,  for  he  is  in 

"     i    ^rlT^    ""''    ^^"^    ^"^    ^^f^    thf"  I'nf^  ^ov  section  hand  and  one  who 

iT^xt.      Ihe  cardpr  should  not  allow  will    not    trv    to    work    himself    m 

on   mnr-h   waste  to  be  run   at  onr-  will  not  be  a  good  oiler.    I  will  no 

nmp     hilt    .should    have    it    run    as  name    over    the    things    to   oil    bu 

nearly  the  same  every  day  as  pos-  certain  parts  should  be  oiled  everv 

i"t>lP.    Rnnnine  two  or  three  hundred  day.    Bands  should  be  tied  on  four 

pounds  of  waste  one  day.  and  nonr  or   five   times   a  day.     Some  oiler 


will  not  Lake  pains  and  will  put  oil  come  off,  or  to  coaie  in  contact  wa.. 
wliere   it   Uoea    not  Ijuloiig.     TUere  the  nng. 

are  some  pluccb  where  Lou  much  oi;  The  iii'ter  rods  should  be  kepi 
can  bo  used.  All  places  wUich  ueee  clean,  or  Lhey  will  make  Langled 
oil  and  do  uoL  ycL  iL  will  cause  trou-    bubbi'is  and  this  means  waste.  The 

jjuiider  IS  oue  oi  the  most  import- 
ant tilings  the  section  men  look  al- 
ter, lor  small  bobbins  tangle  and 
short  stroke  bobbins  mean  that  thr 
Irume  will  be  doihng  too  much  and 
produce  less  yarn.  The  builde. 
should  be  set  so  us  to  get  as  much 
yarn  on  the  bobbins  as  they  and  thi 
rings  will  permit.    All  irames  shouk 


bel  m  tile  lung  run.  The  care  o. 
the  spinning  irames  re.<sts  with  the 
Bcction  men  and  filers,  and  the 
overseer  and  second  hand  shouk 
watch  them  very  closely.  Teacl 
them  to  look  out  lor  the  little  thing, 
and  there  will  not  be  much  trouble 
The  overseer  siiould  teach  tin 
help  to  be  at  their  places  at  start- 


ing tune.  The  spinners  siiouid  liave  be  set  to  take  up  the  same  numbei 

of  notches  and  to  run  as  near  th* 
top  and  bottom  as  possible.    The  les- 
tho  frame  is  doffed,  the  more  yari 
it  will  make.    Everything  from  th 
gears  on  the  builder  to  the  rocke: 


aprons  with  big  pockets,  lor  wasti 
on  the  iloor  is  one  of  the  great  evil 
in   a   spinning   room. 

The  rollers  should     be     watchei 
very  closely  for  that  is  where  mos 


01  the  bad  work  (Monies  fiwl^Tere  should   be   well   looked   after.     Th 
of  the  bad  woik  comes  iioni.    mere  ^^^^^,  ^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^ 


are  several  things  that  will  causi 
top  rolls  to  make  bad  v/ork,  amonj, 
these  being  poor  cleaning,  one  en( 
covered  smaller  than  the  other,  va- 
riation in  weights;  the  lever  resting 
on  the  back  boards;  cots  slipping  o 
put  on  wrong  way  and  not  well  oil 


the  ends  well  and  put  them  up.  anr 
the  section  man  and  head  doffe- 
should  be  with  them  at  the  time 
of  doffing.  Every  minute  a  frame 
stands  means  loss  of  production 
The  builder  and  traveler  are  ver> 
important.     The    traveler      is     thr 


ed.   The  middle  roll  should  be  as  good  smallest    thing    about    a    spinnin 


as  the  front  roll,  or  as  nearly  as  pos 
sible.  Bad  work  is  also  caused  b 
steel  rolls  being  loose  in  the  joints 


frame  and  some  overseers  give  i 
the  least  notice.  All  overseers  do  no 
like  the  same  travelers.    Some  wil' 


and  by  steel  rolls  not  being   set  right  run  heavy  travelers  where     other 
for  the  different  lengths  of  staple    will  run  light  ones.    If  they  are  ru; 
The  closer  you  run   the  steel  and  too     light     they     will     cause     bad 
top  rolls,  the  better  the  work  will  work  .either  when   the   frame   has 

just  been  doffed,  or  when  it  is  full 
There  are  few  overseers  who  will 


be.    The  overseer  should  be  on  tli 

lookout  for  knotty  or  bad  yarn,  fo_ 

it  is  liable  to  get  in  at  anytime.  Tht   agree  on  a  way  of 'changing  travel- 


roving   traverse   motion   will    caus 
bad   work   by   not   doing   its    duty 


ers.         A       worn       travler       will 

rni,      I  1  I      u    V.      1      »   chafe    the   yarn   and    cut   the    end 

rhe    top    clearers    should    be    kept  y^^.^^  ^^^  ^.jl  ^i^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^i^g 


clean,  also  the  under  part  of     the 
ateel    rolls,    sometimes    called      the 
back  guides.    Roving  should  be  kep 
clean,    otherwise   the     roving     wi 


to  wear  out.    As  to  different  shapes 

and  styles,  of  travelers,  we  all  like 

ji  one  make  or  another,  but  should  use 


stretch  and     make     uneven     work 
The  skewers  should  be  good,  for  if  ^'^, 
they  are  blunt  they  will  cause  th(       "" 
roving    to   stretch.     A    liad    skewoj 


the  one  which  gives  the  best  ser- 


The  draft  is  one  thing  some  over- 
seers do  not  look  after  as  well    as 


stops  the  guide  wires.  Boards  should  they  should.  The  superintendent 
be  kept  level  and  guide  wires  kep  should  not  allow  the  carder  to  card 
plumb  with  the  spindle.  The  ring  any  heavier  than  is  necessary,  for 
and  spindle  rail  should  be  kept  lev-  loo  much  draftmg  will  cause  the 
el  and  the  spindle  kept  plumb.  This  spinnmg  to  run  bad.  The  rmgs  may 
will  not  be  hard  to  do  if  the  spin-  not  be  the  right  size,  and  there  may 
die  rail  and  ring  rail  are  kept  be  other  thmgs  which  are  not  right, 
level.  A  spindle  out  of  center  will  but  if  you  have  a  good  draft  and 
cause  the  end  to  run  badly,  and  good  cotton  you  will  have  good 
where  a   spinner  has   several   such   strong  yarn. 

spindles,  he  will  be  behind  all  th.  jn  conclusion  I  will  say  that  the 
time.  Separators  will  also  keep  spinning  of  yarn  is  a  thing  that 
spinners  behind.  The  blades  should  should  be  studied  all  the  time.  Every 
be  kept  in  the  center  as  nearly  as  person  in  the  spinning  room  should 
possible.     Do   not   allow   blades    tr   be  taught  to   help  push  the  wheel 

?5 


to  the  front,  and  try  to  makp  the  of.    The  looks  of  a  room  are  helped 

room   the  best  in   the   mill.     When  by  a  nice  clean  floor  and  creel  tops, 

you  find  a  room  like  this.  Ihe  over-  even   though   the     work     may     run 

«eer  has  a  job  he  should  be  proud  badly. 


Number  Eleven. 


By  E.  W.  WRIGHT,  Pell  City,  Ala. 

The  overseer  should  be   the   tirsl  roll,   and   cause   bad   running  work, 

in  his  room  in  the  morning  and  the  Never  make  uneven  yarn.    All  rolls 

last   to   leave  at  niglil.  In   this  way  should    be    thoroughly    cleaned      at 

he  will  guard  against  having  a   lol  least  once  each  day,  and  never  al- 

of  broken  ends  to  contend  with  anc'  low    lumps    and    chokes    to   accum- 

machinery  broken  by  boys  running  ulate   under   the   saddle  or   al     the 

over   the   room   with   doff  boxes.   If  ends.     Never  allow  rolls  to  run  dry 

the  overseer  is  in  the  room,  or  thi  for    the    want    of    oil.     Clean    clear 

help   expecting   him,    they   will     bo  boards  twice  each  day  and  never  al- 

quiet     The  next  duty  is  that  of  the  low    spinners    to    leave      the     clear 

second  hands  and  section  hands,  and  boards  olT  of  the  roll  longer  than  it 

the  overseer  should  see  that  they  dr  takes   to   pick    rolls,   and   do     other 

their    duty.      It    is    important    that  necessary  work, 

the  second  hand  should  be  a  fairly  ^^If  the  work  gets  to  running  bad 

good   spinner,   so   if     the     overseer  the    overseer    should    go    a  fer    the 

should  be  off  at  any  time,  he  could  [rouble  at  once,  arid  show  the  help 

manage    the   room    and    keep    it   in  that  h.s  desire  is    o  have  the  work 

'      (i  order  ^""  ^°"^'  ^""^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  willing  to 

Every   section    man   should   thor-  help     This  will  create  an  a'nh'tion 

oughly   understand     the     machine^  |n  the  help  and  they  wi  1  work  the 

which   he  is  to   look  after,   so  that  harder    to    keep    up.      Nev^r    com- 

he  will  know  at  once  where  and  how  Plam  to  the  spmner  about  the  work 

to  fix  any  part  that  might  break  or  ™nnmg  bad.     The  overseer  should 

get  out  of  order.    He  should  alwayp  keep    the    rolls    set    m  accordance 

be   on   the   lookout    for  broke   back  with    the    staple    of    the    co  ton,    as 

ends  and   tight   lifting  rods.   Never  very   often    the   cause    is    that     he 

allow  one   to   get  tight  enough     to  jolls     are     set     too   close     or     loo 

^:^'t  X^'^tJle'.^^V^  %cTJ\r  roU.  should  be  kept 
more  varn  collecting  at  the  top  of  running  all  the  time  so  as  to  catch 
the  bobbin,  he  will  find  nine  time  the  sliver  as  soon  as  the  thread 
out  of  ten  that  there  is  one  or  more  breaks.  If  the  sliver  is  allowed  to 
lifting  rods  tight,  or  a  separator  ou'  collect  on  the  thread  board  it  will 
of  place.  This  should  be  looker'  soon  fall  off  and  break  more  threads 
after  at  once,  as  sometimes  a  few  or  cause  lumps  or  gouts  on  the  ones 
minutes  wait  will  cause  a  whole  next  to  it.  The  thread  guide  is 
frame  to  tangle  something  that  should  not  be  over- 
Each  and  every  one  from  the  looked.  It  should  be  set  directly  over 
overseer  to  the  section  hands,  the  tip  of  'he  spindle  after  the 
should  be  kind  and  gentle  to  the  spindle  is  put  in  the  center  of  the 
help,  especially  to  those  who  wiH  ring  so  as  to  prevent  any  strain  on 
bear  good  treatment.  Of  course,  the  yarn.  .  .  ,  .  ,  , 
thev  should  be  studied  and  treater'  T  don't  think  it  is  advisable  to 
tlie*  wav  to  get  results,  as  we  all  draft  the  roving  over  10.50  on  dou- 
know  that  all  cannot  be  treated  ble  roving,  regardless  of  the  num- 
a]i]<e.  bfr  or  counts  you  are  running.  Nev- 
Tn  "  the  first  place,  the  spinner  ^r  draft  any  more  than  10.50.  When 
should  insist  on  getting  good,  ever  T  have  to  change  my  draft  gear  the 
roving.  See  that  it  is  properlv  laid  first  thing  T  do  is  to  see  what  the 
on  Ihe  bobbins  so  that  it  will  not  draft  will  be  and  if  it  is  too  much, 
tangle.  See  that  no  broken  or  lost  T  get  the  carder  to  change  the 
roving  sets  in  the  creels  as  thi?  weight  of  the  roving,  or  the  result 
will  cause  the  roving  to  break.  Keep  will  be  bad  running  work.  Never 
all  roving  traverse  working  freely  run  a  spindle  that  is  in  the  least 
and  never  allow  one  to  dwell  in  oni  crooked  as  it  will  cause  the  bobbin 
place  as  this  will  cause  a  crease  to  rise  and  tangle.  This  means  more 
or  flute  in  the  leather  on  the  top  waste  and  a  loss  to  the  company. 

26 


Bolsters  not  properly  adjusted  will  the  result  will  be  bad  running  work, 

cause    the   same   trouble.     tSpinners  There    is   not  very   much    to   say 

should  not  be  allowed  to  go  around  about    the    spooling.     The    traverse 

over  the  room  and  talk  to  their  fel-  should  be  set  so  as  to  never  allow 

low  workers.    Each  one  should  keep  the  yarn  to  bunch  up,  especially  at 

in   his   own   alley   and     should     be  the  ends.    The  thread  guides  should 

taught  never  to  allow  their  ends  to  b^  set  so  as  to  catch  all  goods  and 

break  back,  and  to  watch  the  band  lumps,    but    not    M'^-s    enough      to 

boy  and  piece  up   the  end  as  soon  scrape  the  yarn.    The  loonler  hands 

as  the  band  is  tied  on.  should  be  taught  not  'o  bIIow  long 

Doniiig  should  be  done  as  fast  as  knots   and    kinks   to     run     on     the 

possible  so  as  to  get  the  frame  run-  spools.     Each   spooler   hand  should 

rung  as  quick  as  possible.     I   havt  have  a  certain  mark  to  put  on  their 

taught    my    doflfer    boys    to    hustle  spool  ends  and  the  man  who  lakes 

when  they  start,  so  I  have  very  lit-  down    the   spools   should    see     that 

tie   trouble  with   them.     Sometimes  every  spool  is  marked,  for  in  so  do- 

I  have  to  "jack     some  of  them  up  ing,  the  bad  work  can  be  traced  to 

about  breaking  so     many     threads  the  one  who  made  it.   Warper  ten- 

Never  allow  more   than  one   frame  ders  should   be   careful   about    long 

stopped  at  a  time.  knots.     Machinery    should    be    kept 

lra\eprs      shou  d      be      changed  n     -i  j  <■       •»       i       i                .u 

when  they  begin  to  wear  enough  tr  ^ell  oiled  for  it  not  only  saves  the 

make  the"  threads  pull  tight.    Never  machinery   but   is   a   big  saving   in 

wait   until    they   wear   through     a^  the  coal  pile. 

Number  Twelve. 


By  C.  M.  BOWDEN,  Jacksonville,  Ala. 


The  spinning  room  is  the  hardest  for  his  job,  so  let  him  do  the  firing, 
room  in  a  cotton  mill  to  run.  You  It  is  better  to  have  one  four  side 
have  got  to  have  a  system  and  keep  spinner  than  to  have  one  dozen  sec- 
it  up  from  dv.y  to  day,  have  a  place  tion  men  that  can  only  see  one  inch 
for  all  things  and  see  that  they  are  from  their  nose, 
kept  in  that  place.  Set  a  stated  Do  not  visit  the  carding,  weaving, 
time  to  do  all  your  cleaning  and  boiler  room,  or  the  machine  shop 
let  every  one  understand  that  it  so  often,  ("the  latter  two  places  to 
has  to  be  done  at  that  time  and  no  smoke"),  but  stay  in  touch  with 
other.  Tt  is  the  overseer's  place  your  job  for  no  job  will  run  by  it- 
to  see  that  all  rules  are  carried  out  self. 

to  the  letter,  for  if  you  have  a  good  When  your  superintendent  or 
system  and  once  let  it  go  down  you  any  one  else  comes  in  your  room 
are  going  to  have  trouble  with  and  asks.  "What  twist  gear  tiave 
some  one  when  you  try  to  get  your  you  on  that  frame?"  "What  hank 
system  back  where  yon  once  had  it.  roving  is  this?"  "How  fast  are  your 
On  the  other  hand  if  you  have  a  rollers  going?"  "What  .number 
good  system  and  keep  it  up  you  can  travelers  do  you  usp?"  or  any  other 
add  a  little  more  to  it  without  any  question  concerning  your  room, 
trouble.  hnve   your  job   before   ynu    so   you 

Try  to  have  good  second  and  sec-  can  answer  correctly  as  fast  as  he 
fion  men  and  do  not  let  them  abuse  a.«k«i. 

the  help,  and  have  all  help  to  un-  T)n  not  put  on  your  coat  and 
derstand  that  thev  have  got  to  obey  stand  around  ton  minntos  hpfnre 
your  men.  but  be  sure  you  have  quittine  timp.  Tt  is  a  bad  example 
men  that  know  how  to  give  orders,  to  spt  bpfore  ynur  help.  T,pt  pvpry- 
Tell  thpm  plainly  just  what  you  body  quit  when  the  whistlp  blows, 
want,  do  not  stand  and  argue  with  Tf  ynu  allow  your  men  to  stand 
them.  around    and    watch      the     spinnprs. 

Some  section  men  will  get  it  in  pomp  of  thpm  will  stpp  out  until 
for  snmp  hoy  or  eirl  and  if  ynu  do  thpir  sidps  are  all  broken  up  and 
not  watch  he  is  going  to  kepp  pick-  thpv  will  not  eret  thpm  in  eooa  .shape 
ing  at  that  girl  or  boy  until  she  or  hpforp  stoppine  time.  Then  vou 
he  nuits.  and  thpu  you  are  short  ran  look  for  that  spinner  to  stay 
onp  hand  on  account  of  poor  man-  out  just  to  e-pt  some  cop  pl«e  to 
agement.  clean    up    thocp    cidps,    whprpa«?    if 

An   overseer   is    held   responsible  vour  men  had  done  their  duty  they 

27 


would  have  got  her  to  her  work  mill  and  he  can  run  off  all  your 
belore  it  got  in  that  shape.  There  help  for  you. 

is  no  reason  nor  excuse  lor  a  spin-  your  superintendent  has  a  job  to 
ner  not  keeping  ends  up  and  sides  j-un  of  his  own  and  has  no  time 
cleaned  up  all  the  time.  Ihere  is  iq  jigten  to  your  little  ups  and 
no  use  in  getting  the  ends  up  un-  ^owns  that  you  have  with  your 
ess  you  are  going  to  make  them  hgjp  ^hich  you  are  going  to  have 
keep  clean  for  the  ends  will  not  a  you  have  them  do  thjir  work 
stay  up  il  the  sides  are  not  clean,  properly.  Do  not  try  to  run  your 
Good  running  work  aoes  more  jq^  ^ith  excuses.  When  the  super- 
than  any  otner  one  thing  to  help  jntendent  comes  and  gets  in  behind 
you  hold  your  hep,  and  the  man  you  for  something  you  have  or 
that  cannot  hold  help  is  the  man  have  not  done,  just  tell  the  straight 
who  IS  on  the  road  to  a  new  job  about  it  and  nine  times  out  of  ten 
three  or  four  times  a  year,  lie  j^  will  be  carelessness  on  your  or 
man  who  can  hold  help  and  get  the  ,    ,  .   ,        ,,  . 

desired  results  is  the  man  wanted,  someone  elses  part  (mostly  yours). 
You  can  have  a  man  to  come  from  Do  not  make  promises  to  any  one. 
the  farm  who  never  saw  inside  of  a  Be  a  man  on  and  off  your  job. 


Number  Thirteen. 


By  T.  L.  SAUNDERS,  JR.,  Kannapolis,  N.  G. 


Practical  and  efficient  spinning  is  or  two.  I  do  not  believe  in  over- 
a  very  important  subject  and  I  fee]  hauling  things  to  death, 
that  I  cannot  do  it  justice  with  pen  in  regard  to  spooling  and  warping 
and  ink,  but  I  trust  that  I  can  be  of  will  say  that  it  is  necessary  to  sei 
some  help  to  some  one  and  to  my-  that  the  guides  are  set  properly  tt 
^^H-      „    ,       .   ,  ^         ,  ,  ,  prevent  gouts  from  going  through 

The  nrst  point  I  want  to  make  is  Gouts  and  kinks,  after  they  pass  the 
this.  Have  a  good  organization  and  spooler,  are  beyond  control  and  arc 
good  discipline  in  the  spinning:  very  disastrous  to  the  weaving.  A  lo( 
room.  That  is  the  first  thing  to  of  bad  work  can  be  avoided  at  the 
see  to.  Next  see  that  the  draft  and  warper.  The  warper  tender  may 
twist  are  what  they  should  be,  and  neglect  the  selvages  and  cross  the 
if  they  are  not,  proceed  to  get  them  ends  when  they  are  put  up,  with 
right.  See  that  the  top  and  bottom  the  result  that  there  will  be  laps 
ro  Is  are  set  to  suit  the  staple  of  and  loose  ends  in  the  slashing  pro- 
colton  being  used.  Keep  everythini  cess.  Of  course,  the  weaving  will 
as  clean  as  possible  and  avoid  flying  suffer 

wni  cauTsluc^fto'twMuD  in"Z  ^he'  overseer,    second    hand    and 

vir-n  nn!fthi\?,L.  ;.lr     n^  ^  sBctlou  iiicn  should  kccp  on     their 

wPir..  n.P  n,.n^nP   nS  .ni  iZ^nLf  Jo^s.    I  fmd  that  at  the  present  time 

itv  of  Vood<f                                 ^  ^n  managing  help,  there  is  more  in 

Keen  a  close  wafoh  ovpp  fhp  nil  watching  them  closely  than  anything 

ing    for    if    it   iT  neglected    it    will  ^'S^'     ^^   ^^^   ^^^^^^^    ^^^"^   ^'^"^    ^* 

pnn^P  fL  hApiifo..  ff  f,Pl?      A^l  keep  close  behind  the  section  men 

cause  the  bearings  to  wear  and  the,  anH  hpin    vmi  will  fail  fn  e-Pt  (rnnd 

spindles  to  vibrate.     The  result  i^  results     Treat  The  helo  as  weU  as 

bad  running  work  and  inferior  yarn  'm,  ran     Rp  firm  and  hntfnS.ikf 

as  well.    See  that  the  oil  is  not  ex-  ^°?,  ^n  J  J  bus  ness-liki 

ppocivp    Pcnop.oiNr  \r^  Vh„  f-,^  „^ii.  With   them  and  avoid  scolding     a.- 

and  Jtands^  as  we  aff  know  the  re  '"^«^^  ^«  P^^^^^l^'    ^et  those  unde. 

sSlt     Sef  that  The  rnisTnd?n[d;  >^°^   ^  ^0°^  example.     Do   not  feel 

wires  arl  proper!?  sefLd  be^Tire  ^^^^^  ^^^   ^^^«   a^«^«   "^*^   ^^^^P'   ^"^ 

Uiat     the  ^Sred     travelers  'are  ^^  "^^^e  afraid  of  work.    When  yo. 

use.  Change  the  travelers  at  leasi  f^  n.p^°Snn"'  °''  f  ?h  '^^'^'^  ''""'" 
once  a  month  on  medium  number^  ''"  ^'  f  ^'°°''  P^^^'  ^^^"^  "P  o^^^^" 
T  believe  in  overhauling  but  think  f,^*'"'^"^  ^"^  >'°^  f  ^  "^^"^^""^i  ^^"""'l'. 
that  many  men  go  to  an  extreme  ^hiv  t°'h/ w  'if^^  ^"^  *'^^^'  TV 
with  it.  If  I  have  overhauling  to  °^^^-  ^  ^^  "°^  ^'^^®  ^"^  ^^°"bl' 
do.  I  see  that  it  is  done  right,  foi  ""  getting  almost  anything  done.  I 
when  you  get  things  done  right  anO  respect  my  help  and  they  respec 
then  watch  them  closely,  you  wil'  me,  and  I  never  fail  to  get  a  goo(" 
not  have  to  do  them  over  every  year   production  and  quality. 

28 


Number  Fourteen. 

By  T.  C.  GORE,  Columbia,  S.  C. 

Practical  and  enicienL  spinning  Get  on  your  job  and  stay  there, 
consists  in  the  practical  manage-  See  that  the  rovmg  commg  mto  the 
ment  of  a  spinning  room,  getting  the  room  is  of  the  proper  length  stap  e 
greatest  production  possible  with  and  properly  prepared,  and  made 
good  quality  and  with  the  least  up  from  stock  to  suit  the  yarn  to  be 
amount  of  waste,  and  keeping  ma-  made.  Keep  your  machmes  hi  good 
chines  in  good  condition.  While  order,  avoid  excessive  speeds,  and 
management  forms  a  very  important  keep  the  machines  as  clean  as  it  is 
part  in  "elliciencv,"  it  is  also  nee-  practical  to  keep  them.  Have  a 
essary  to  have  the  machines  in  per-  system  for  cleaning,  oiling,  etc.,  one 
feet  working  order,  and  set  proper-  which  can  be  maintained  under  the 
ly  to  suit  the  stock  being  used,  the  conditions  and  circumstances  which 
yarns  being  produced  and  condi-  surround  you.  Then  see  that  your 
lions  in  general.  Space  will  not  per-  system  is  carried  out  and  the  work 
mit  of  going  into  details  with  all  done  as  it  should  be.  Be  careful  in 
the  settings  and  adjustments  to  the  selection  of  your  help.  K'-ep 
suit  any  and  all  conditions.  There-  only  the  best  you  can  get.  leach 
fore,  we  will  only  discuss  the  most  them  to  make  good  work,  keep  down 
practical  points  in  as  plain  a  way  waste  of  all  kinds  and  be  attentive 
as  possible.  It  is  certain  that  first,  to  their  work.  Have  the  belts  kepi 
the  stock  used  must  be  of  good  in  good  pulling  order  and  not  too 
quality  and  properly  prepared  for  tight.  Put  in  a  system  that  will  keep 
the  spinning.  The  spinning  machin-  all  kinds  of  waste  in  check.  Use 
erv  must  be  in  perfect  line  and  only  good  bobbins  and  see  that  they 
level,  the  spindles  must  be  plumb  fit  well,  and  do  not  be  wasteful  with 
and  the  rings  must  be  set  to  the  supplies  of  any  kind.  All  of  these 
spindles.  Guide  wires  must  be  things  are  to  be  considered  m  prac- 
plumb  with  the  spindle  tips,  and  tical  and  efficient  spinning, 
the  proper  size  bands  must  be  used.  Humidity  is  another  very  impor- 
The  size  of  the  rings,  length  of  the  ant  thing  in  a  spinning  room.  Of 
traverse,  speed  of  the  soindles,  dis-  course,  the  humidity,  like  other 
tance  from  thread  guide  to  spindle  things,  must  be  kept  to  suit  condi- 
rail,  and  the  roll  setting  must  be  in  tions.  For  instance,  the  location  of 
unison  with  the  stock  being  used  the  mill,  kind  of  machinery,  speeds, 
and  varus  being  made.  Lack  of  kind  of  yarns  being  spun,  the  size 
space  prevents  giving  a  complete  of  the  yarns  and  the  twist,  control 
explanation  of  how  all  these  things  to  a  great  extent,  the  amount  of  hu- 
should  be  done  to  meet  the  condi-  midity  to  be  used.  No  rule  can  be 
tions.  Even  though  we  could  lay  laid  down  as  a  standard,  and  one 
down  a  rule  to  meet  all  conditions,  it  not  to  be  varied  from.  You  must 
would  be  found  necessarv  at  times  know  how  to  spin  and  then  arrange 
to  vary  a  little  from  the  rules  humidity  to  suit  conditions. 
A  lot  of  talk  on  management  of  help  Travelers,  like  many  other  things. 
and  some  special  setting  and  adjust-  have  to  be  tested  out,  the  number, 
ments.  outside  affairs  and  things  circle  and  style  being  carefully  con- 
concerning  overseers  and  other  de-  sidered.  The  temper,  circle  and 
partments  of  the  mill,  are  out  of  point  are  the  three  most  important 
place  in  this  contest.  Therefore  we  things  to  watch  and  decide  upon 
will  not  discuss  them  in  this  article,  when  selecting  travelers. 
If  the  spinning  room  is  equipped  Top  rolls  require  careful  atten- 
and  set  to  suit  conditions,  then  it  tion.  The  custom  of  using  a  dam- 
must  be  kept  so  and  operated  in  n  aged  or  worn  roll  in  the  middle  and 
practical  and  efficient  way.  Practi-  back  is  wrong,  especially  on  medi- 
cal results  cnn  only  be  obtained  in  um  and  fine  yarns.  Of  course,  on 
a  practical  way  and  with  an  over-  very  coarse  yarns  this  can  be  done 
seer  in  charge  of  the  room  who  hn^  with  sfifety.  Rolls  should  be  cover- 
had  the  practical  experience  and  od  with  a  tight,  fine  grained  skin  of 
the  proper  training  in  spinning,  who  good  quality  and  free  from  lumps 
has  good  sound  judgment  and  the  and  thin  places.  Sufficient  cushion 
energy  to  keep  the  spinning  in  good  should  be  provided  to  allow  the  roll 
condition.  It  will  then  be  found  that  to  do  its  duty  without  injury  to  the 
efficiency  can  be  had.  yarn.  The  newly  covered  roll  should 

29 


be  just  enough  smaller  than  the  breaking  of  ends  on  a  spinning 
steel  roll  to  avoid  creasing  or  cas-  frame  is  a  matter  for  serious  con- 
ing the  roll  to  show  a  fluted  sur-  sideration.  An  end  seldom  breaks 
face.  Creased  and  fluted  rolls  will  except  for  some  good  reason.  Some- 
produce  coarser  yarn  than  rolls  of  times,  of  course,  the  fault  is  in  the 
smooth  and  even  surface.  Leather  roving,  though  not  always  so,  and 
rolls  and  the  necks  of  the  steel  rolls  this  is  where  the  skill  of  the  man 
should  be  oiled  regularly  and  prop-  in  charge  of  the  room  comes  in.  At 
erly  with  a  good  quality  of  non-  this  particular  time  the  overseer 
fluid  oil.  No  hooks  of  any  kind  should  be  able  to  locate  and  remedy 
should  be  used  on  the  fluted  part  any  fault  or  trouble  which  causes 
of  the  steel  and  bottom  rolls,  and  the  ends  to  break.  A  spinning  room 
only  hooks  made  of  copper  or  other  should  be  operated  with  fewest 
soft  metal  should  be  used  to  clean  breakages  of  ends,  the  least  amount 
off  the  accumulation  of  cotton  of  waste,  smallest  labor  cost,  small- 
which  naturally  collects  and  winds  est  cost  of  supplies  and  the  least 
around  the  steel  roll  close  up  to,  amount  of  power,  and  at  the  same 
or  at  the  journal  at  the  roll  stanas.  time  get  the  greatest  production  of 
If  it  is  found  necessary  to  oil  lifter  good  quality,  with  the  least  depre- 
rods  it  should  be  done  cautiously  ciation  of  the  machinery.  These 
and  with  care,  as  the  oil  may  cause  things  can  be  done  and  must  be  done 
the   rolls   to   stick   and   surplus   oil  if    the   spinning   room   is    managed 

ning  is  to  keep  the  spindle  straight  Then  you  are  sure  of  practical  and 

and    free     from    vibrations.      The  efficient  spinning. 


Number  Fifteen. 


By  E.  L.  GOBLE  Rock  Hill  S.  C. 


As  a  practical  spinner,  I  will  try  the  year,  grades  of  cotton  and  nu- 
to  give  my  ideas  of  efficiency  in  the  merous  other  things  which  snace 
spinning  room.  First,  we  must  con-  will  not  permit  of  being  mentioned, 
sider  that  we  have  first  class  card-  There  are  grades  of  cotton  in  which 
ing,  for  we  cannot  have  good  spin-  standard  twist  can  be  put  in  yarn 
ning  and  efficiency  in  the  spinning  of  any  given  number,  if  the  condi- 
room  without  good  roving.  After  tions  are  favorable.  However,  as  T 
having  this,  we  consider  the  over-  said  before  the  twisi  in  yarn  has 
seer.  When  I  say  overseer,  I  do  not  to  be  governed  by  such  conditions 
mean  merely  a  figurehead,  I  mean  a  as  the  grade  of  cotton,  atmosphere, 
level-headed,  practical  man  ,  with  etc.  Too  much  twist  will  make 
theoretical  knowledge  to  know  what  yarn  weaker  than  a  less  amount, 
draft  should  be  used  and  to  figure  but  this  can  be  determined  by  a 
the  same  correctly.  The  draft  is  a  practical  eye. 
big  factor  in  good  spinning  and  it  Oiling^ 
depends  equally  on  the  grade  of  cot-  Oiling  should  be  looked  after  very 
ton  and  the  numbers  of  yarn  bemg  closely,  as  too  much  oiling  on  the 
spun.  For  good  yarn  Nos.  26s  to  30s  rolls  is  injurious  to  the  qualitv  of 
warps  yarns  do  not  use  over  11-m.  ^he  yarn.  Where  tnere  is  too  much 
draft  for  double  rovmg,  which  is  oil  there  will  be  found  stained  yarns 
the  only  successful  way  to  make  and  where  ttiere  is  not  enough  oil  on 
good  yarn.  Draft  on  filling  Nos.  20s  other  bearings  about  the  frame  it 
to  26s,  should  not  exceed  12.25,  dou-  ^ill  be  found  injurious.  This  must 
ble  roving  All  practical  spinneTs  ^e  governed  according  to  the  speed 
know  that  the  shorter  the  draft  the  of  the  cylinder  and  spindles,  also 
stronger  the  yarn  will  be,  therefore,  the  quality  of  oil  being  used.  Front 
adjust  the  roving  m  proportion  to  rolls  should  be  well  cleaned  and  just 
the  overflow  of  the  carding  depart-  touched  with  oil  every  day  and  back 
ment,  keeping  the  draft  just  as  short  rolls  should  be  cleaned  every  other 
as  possible,  so  as  not  to  cripple  the  (jav.  The  spindles  should  be  exam- 
card  room  by  overruning  it  to  make  jned  once  every  few  days  to  ascer- 
it  keep  up.  tain  whether  or  not  any  of  them  are 

Twist  is  the  next  important  thing,  running  dry.     If  they  are  found  to 

It  should  be  governed  according  to  be  the  least  gummy,  or  sticky,  they 

the  speed,  size  of  rings,  season  of  should  be  put  in  condition  by  us- 

30 


ing  a  mixture  of  spindle  oil  and  lamp  This  will  prove  a  great  loss  if  kept 
oil,  using  about  two  parts  spindle  up  long.  The  spinner  who  is  using 
oil  to  one  part  of  the  lamp  oil.  Af-  travelers  liner  than  a  9-0  should 
ter  oiling  spindles  with  this  it  will  teach  his  spinners  not  to  waste 
b)  found  that  the  mixture  will  en-  them,  but  in  putting  them  up  ends, 
ter  the  bottom  of  the  base  and  drive  feel  traveler  and  if  it  is  worn  sharp, 
all  of  the  grit  and  other  foreign  to  break  it  and  put  In  a  new  one. 
substances  out  at  the  top  of  the  By  so  doing  it  will  not  be  necessarj 
base.  This  leaves  the  spindles  well  to  break  oil'  and  change  the  traveler* 
lubricated   and   in   smooth   running  all  at  one  time.  ^  ^   v.  iw 

condition.  Spindles  should  be  plumbed,  both 

Dolling  is  a  necessity  and  must  top  and  bottom,  every  year,  all  bol- 
be  done  in  the  best  and  quickest  sters  taken  out  and  examined.  If 
way.  Have  just  enough  doffers,  and  there  are  any  broken  ones  they 
in  dolling  lilling  and  warp,  let  the  should  be  replaced  with  new  ones, 
doffers  do  their  own  end  piecing,  and  those  with  worn  out  flannel  re- 
not  tearing  down  any  more  ends  covered.  Then  the  spindles  should 
than  possible.  Have  only  one  frame  be  put  in,  the  bottom  screw  on  the 
at  a  time  stopped  for  dofling.  Doff  bolster  set  to  the  spmdle,  guide 
every  other  frame  in  line  across  the  wires  set  to  the  center  of  the  spin- 
room  and  then  go  back  and  take  the  dl%  and  if  tising  top  plate  ringt, 
next  line,  doing  this  until  you  have  they  should  be  tightened  up. 
half  dolfed.  Then  starting  in,  doff  Temperatun-  plays  a  very  import- 
the  next  line  of  frames  which  were  ant  part  and  must  be  looked  after 
skipped  the  first  time.  By  so  doing,  very  closely.  A  good  even  tempera- 
you  do  not  have  more  than  one  ture  should  be  kept,  say  70  degrees 
side  being  doffed  on  any  one  spin-  dry,  and  the  wet  side  anywhere  from 
ner  at  a  time.  This  makes  it  easier  65  to  70  degrees.  Spinners  should 
on  the  spinner  and  keep  the  sides  be  taught  not  to  throw  white  waste 
•leaner  and  in  a  nicer  condition.  on  the  floor,  and  doffers  not  allow- 
Cleanina  ed   to   throw  bobbins   on   the   floor. 

Cleaning  is  a  most  essential  thing  After   each   round  of  doffing    have 

and  must  be  done  at  the  proper  ^'^'^^  P'^^ /^^^vP^H^'"' I'°J^,\'lL^^^^^^^ 
time.  Cleaning  must  be  looked  af-  take  all  of  he  tops  and  clean  he 
ter  by  the  section  hand  in  charge,  heads  of  all  the  /"^ames,  also  the 
Front  top  rolls  should  be  picked  ^0^^^/^.  Tops  of  frames  should  be 
every  day,  back  rolls  should  be  wiped  off  twice  a  day  and  the  per- 
picked  not  less  than  three  times  a  son  doing  fjis  instrucied  not  to 
week.  Stands  should  be  picked  and  drop  or  fan  he  lint  or  waste  around 
cleaned  once  each  week  and  steel  so  as  to  all  •"  .the  ends  n^akmg 
rolls  should  be  picked  and  cleaned  gouts  and  lumps  in  the  yarn  Spool- 
once  each  week,  and  should  be  tak-  mg  should  be  watched  very  close- 
•n  out  about  once  a  year  to  be  scour-  ly-  The  guide  wires  should  be  set 
ed  and  cleaned  lengthwise  with  card  according  to  the  "".mheT  of  >arn 
clothing  and  whitiSg.  In  taking  out  ?eing  spooled  but  not  close  enough 
and  putting  back  the  top  leather  to  cut  or  chafe  the  yarn,  bu  close 
rolls,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  enough  to  ^atch  all  the  gouts  nnd 
reverse  the  rolls,  or  they  will  run  lumps.  Teach  the  spooler  tenders 
against  the  lap.  On  coarse  numbers,  not  to  lap  ends  and  when  a  knot  is 
roving  creel  boards  should  be  clean-  tied  to  draw  the  yarn  out  stra.ght 
ed  and  wiped  out  each  day  and  on  before  turning  it  loose,  so  that  they 
fine  numbers  two  or  three  times  a  w'U  not  leave  a  kink  in  the  >arn 
week.  Guides  should  be  wiped  and  AJso  teach  ti.e  spoolers  not  to  run 
run  out  about  once  per  hour  on  the  spools  too  full,  as  this  will  cause 
medium  numbers.  On  fine  numbers  the  spool  to  pull  over  the  end  and 
this  will  not  be  required  so  often,  make  unnecessary  waste.  Each 
Roving  should  be  brushed  off  six  or  spooler  hand  should  be  held  respon- 
eight  times  a  day,  depending  on  the  sible  for  the  amount  of  waste  nnade 
number  being  spun.  Spinners  each  day  and  required  to  straightea 
•hould  be  taught  not  to  carry  trav-  ^^P  all  tangled  spools  every  morn- 
elcrs  in  their  pockets,  and  in  getting  mg.  Guides  should  be  kept  m  line 
them  out  of  the  traveler  cup,  to  take  and  the  traverse  set  so  as  to  make 
onlv  one.     If  travelers   are   carried  a  round  build. 

in  the  apron  pocket  the  spinners  will  The  overseer  should  at  all  times 
put  waste  in  the  same  pocket  and  be  on  the  lookout  for  the  smaller 
when  the  waste  is  taken  out.  the  things,  for  the  larger  ones  can  be 
traveler  will  be  taken  out  with  it.  seen  without  hunting  for  them. 

31 


Mumber  Sixteen. 


By  E.  H.  RODGERS,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Well  carded  stock  is,  of  course,  creels,  one  end  from  the  lower  and 
essential  to  good  running  work  in  one  from  the  upper  creel  should  be 
the  spinning  room.  It  is  hardly  nee-  run  together.  Now  to  continue 
essary  in  discussing  spinn''"~  *<-  with  the  spinners'  duties.  They 
mention  carding,  except  to  sa,  ?Tiat  should  wipe  the  creels,  roving  and 
spinners  should  be  trained  to  set  out  backs  the  first  thing  in  the  morning 
bad  work,  such  as  hard  ends,  sing-  and  begin  to  pick  the  rolls  as  soon 
Imgs,  doublings,  pieces  containing  as  this  is  done.  They  should  be 
top  clearer  waste,  so  that  it  may  be  furnished  with  flannel  covered 
taken  back  to  the  card  room  to  be  boards  to  clean  the  guide  boards 
properly  distributed  and  charged  and  should  have  quills  to  blow  the 
for.  It  is  a  good  idea  to  give  liie  accumulation  of  lint  off  of  the  rov- 
spinners  a  premium,  say  12  1-2  ing  guides  and  cap  bar  backs.  Spin- 
cents,  for  all  such  pieces  that  they  ners  should  brush  off  the  rails  about 
set  out.  these  to  be  carefully  in-  four  times  daily,  and  pick  top 
spected  by  the  overseer.  Such  bob-  clearers  as  often.  They  should  be 
bins  as  are  tangled  or  spoiled  with  encouraged  to  call  the  section 
oil  should  be  caught  by  the  roving  man's  attention  to  any  bad  running 
man,  else  the  carder  should  refuse  ends  or  bands  off,  or  any  other 
to  be  responsible  for  them,  claim-  trouble  by  some  signal  agreed  up- 
ing  that  they  were  damaged  in  the  on.  They  should  pick  steel  rolls 
sDinning   room.  .  stands   once   a  week  with   a  brass 

Now,  since  he  is  to  be  the  first  J^o^k  They  should  never  be  al- 
to handle  the  stock  in  the  spinning  ^o^'^d  o  piece  up  ends.  They  sh9uld 
room,  let  us  look  back  to  the  rov-  "^ver  leave  the  frames  except  in  a 
ing  man..  First,  he  must  know  the  ^^^e  of  necessity.  Spmners  should 
different  marks  on  the  roving,  in-  5^  taught  that  good  running  work 
dicating  the  different  sizes  and  depends  on  a  clean  condition  of  the 
know,  not  only  what  varns  are  spun  frames,  especialb^  the  rolls^  roving, 
from  a  kind  but  also  the  frames  ^".'^e  creels  and  rails.  Talkative 
where  such  yarns  are  made.  A  good  spmners  should  be  separated  as  far 
roving  man  will  detect  roving  which  ^^  possible. 

is  marked  wrong  or  otherwise  mix-  The  question  of  doffing  has  come 
ed  and  will  be  able  to  avoid  "tear-  to  be  one  of  the  most  serious  that 
ing  the  spinners  up,"  or  "throwing  confronts  an  overseer.  First  of  all. 
the  cloth  off  weight,"  or  causing  Put  the  doffers  on  a  piece  rate  ba- 
what  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  sis,  thus  encouraging  personal  ef- 
mixed  filling.  Second,  he  must  keep  fort.  Warp  can  be  run  very  well 
the  empty  bobbins  off  of  the  creels,  without  head  dofl'ers,  but  it  will  be 
leaving  those  which  are  not  prop-  found  to  be  to  advantage  to  have 
erly  cleaned  by  the  spinner.  Third,  a  steady  well-paid  head  doffer  to 
he  must  keep  the  boxes  greased,  about  30  to  40  frames  of  filling, 
cleaned  inside  and  properlv  parked  Doffers  should  be  taught  just  how 
while  they  are  in  the  room  -full  of  niuch  slack  to  allow  when  winding 
roving  or  bobbins.  Lastlv,  he  down  traverses,  and  to  grasp  the 
should  not  sit  on  the  boxes,  or  al-  bobbin  to  be  renewed  very  near  the 
low  others  to  do  so  when  thev  are  base.  They  should  have  a  wire  on 
full  of  roving.  On  medium  num-  their  boxes  to  punch  out  bobbins 
bers  a  roving  man  can  take  only  laying  those  out  tbat  need 
care  of.  about  60  frames  of  250  spin-  reaming.  Doffers  should  use  short 
dies  each.  boards  covered  with  leather  to  tap 

The  roving  now  goes  on  the  creels  ^^'^^^  1°^^^  ^^^^7  ?^  \^®  spindle 
and  it  is  next  handled  by  the  spin-  ?Jey  should  start  the  traverse  at 
ners.  Now  it  is  costlv  to  break  out  Kf:  bottom  of  the  bobbin  on  the 
pieces  before  they  have  run  down  ^'""1°  ^nd  by  all  means  piece  up 
to  within  a  few  inches  of  the  end,  O"  the  spindle  tjiat  is.  lift  the  quill 
especially  if  these  pieces  are  cut  ^^  ^^^^^"^^"{^^^.i'y  Draper  Corn- 
off.  Also  bad  gouts  are  made  by  Pany.  They  should  be  niade  to  keep 
not  breaking  the  end  of  the  piece  'h^ir  boxes  clean  and  bobbins  oflf  the 
just  taken  out  just  at  the  point  ^^^'^  ^^^  should  also  wipe  the  ends 
where  the  new  bobbin  is  pieced  on.  of  the  frames  twice  a  week  and  clear 
Where  double  roving  is  used  in  the   the    spindles    of    thread    waste    on 

32 


one  frame  each  per  day  on  filling,  little  larger,  to  enable  him  to  cover 
They,  of  course,  join  with  all  hands  more  ground.  He  is  not  needed  at 
in  the  general  cleaning  up  on  Satur-  all  in  a  small  room  and  is  usually 
days,  from  15  to  30  minutes  being  overworked  in  a  large  one.  I  have 
the  allowance  for  stopping  frames,  seen  a  few  spinning  rooms  go  down 
Oilers  should  do  the  oiling  and  after  changing  second  hands,  simp- 
banding  on  40  to  45  frames.  Oil  top  ly  because  the  overseer  had  "put 
rolls,  cylinder  bearinprs,  builder  it  up  to  the  second  hand  to  run 
cam  and  front  steel  rolls  every  day  it"  and  he  himself  was  not  as  con- 
and  back  steel  rolls  and  other  slow  versant  of  the  conditions  of  hip 
moving  parts,  once  a  week.  Oil  room  as  he  should  have  been, 
spindles  every  three  weeks.  Oilers  The  limitations  of  an  overseer 
should  also  carry  cut  waste  and  are  indefiinte.  An  overseer  of 
serve  as  assistants  to  the  section  spinning  must  look  beyond  the 
hands.  These  men  should  be  watch-  walls  of  his  room,  and  know  that 
ed  closely  as  their  work  is  of  work  in  the  card  room  hurts  or 
prime   importance.  benefits  him,  and  also  what  of  his 

A  section  man  should  be  put  on  own  work  is  an  aid  or  impediment 
a  competitive  basis.  A  certain  pro-  to  future  processes.  He  should  first 
duction  with  a  reasonable  allow-  of  all  note  the  capacity  and  charac- 
ance  for  cost  and  waste  moaning  teristics  of  each  person  in  his  em- 
more  money  to  him.  He  should  be  ploy,  doing  his  utmost  to  avoid  trou- 
held  responsible  for  his  help.  He  ble  of  any  kind  instead  of  sitting 
should  place  them  in  the  morning  quietly  down.  When  it  does  cnme. 
first  thing,  and  then  begin  a  vigo-  it  is  with  such  niomonfnni  that  he 
rous  inspection  of  each  frame,  Ihe  is  ovenvhelmed  and  perplexed.  He 
object  being  to  make  a  maximum  should  be  incessantly  working  to 
amount  of  good  work.  See  that  Ihe  improve  working  conditions  in  his 
skewers  are  sharp  and  wor'x  free-  room  and  not  be  content  with  mere- 
ly, and  that  all  roving  steps  are  in  lly  holding  on  to  what  he  already 
place,  and  guide  rods  set  just  below  ihas. 

center  of  roving  bobbins  and  far^:!  He  should  give  careful  attention 
enough  away  from  Iheni  so  as  not||1o  his  cost,  labor,  power,  supplies 
to  strelch  tho  roving,  flirt  tho  rnv-~and  repairs,  striving  at  all  times 
ing  traverse  has  a  full  stroke  and  to  reduce  them.  He  may  do  this  by 
all  guides  are  properly  set.  See  increasing  his  production  and  aual- 
that  all  rolls  are  in  good  running  ity  and  so  thoroughly  organizing 
condition,  the  seclio.i  men  replacing  his  help  that  every  hand  is  work- 
any  defective  ones,  that  stirrups  ing  to  his  full  capacifv  and  that 
do  not  rub  the  froi.t  roller,  that  anything  going  wrong  may  be  im- 
levers  are  all  leveled  to  gauge,  that  mediately  detected,  attributed  to  the 
thread  guides  are  in  proper  rela-  proper  person  or  cause  and  correct- 
tion  to  the  spindles  and  'eveled.  ed.  and  that  each  band  in  his  em- 
that  separators  are  just  left  as  cen-  ploy  receives  the  proper  respect 
ter  of  space  between  I'ings  but  do  and  courtesy  from  the  others, 
not  lift  thread  boards  at  top  of  Now  coming  to  the  mechanical 
traverse  or  strike  the  traveler.  See  end  of  the  room,  reduce  your  power 
that  spindles  do  not  wobble,  that  all  cost  by  asking  that  ynnr  sbaftin? 
loose  bands  are  cut  off  and  replaced-  be  lined  and  leveled.  Use  good  oak 
that  ring  rails  are  level,  and  bob-  -tanned  beltimr  and  roviner  bands. 
b.'ns  get  the  proper  taper,  ''t  1-2  in  have  your  pullevs  bushed  if  they 
at  top  and  1  1-4  in.  at  boflnni.  with  need  if.  have  cylinders  and  all  part'- 
a  1  .3-4  in.  ring")  an(i  full  traverse,  of  the  frames  lined  and  leveled  and 
S^e  that  the  poker  rnds  are  cleared  use  the  best  oil  available, 
of  lint  and  dirt  and  work  freelv  Keep  as  few  supplies  in  the  room 
and  that  there  is  not  too  m.uch  or  as  possible,  nsnallv  nnthinsr  buf 
ton  little  waste  used  aerainst  the  rolls  and  travelers  and  these  under 
rails,  that  all  gears  mesh  pronerly.  look.  The  nroper  place  for  sup- 
that  w\asfe  is  kept  off  the  finors  pifps  is  in  the  storeroom,  this  in- 
an  1  that  all  hands  under  the  section  pin(ips  all  change  eears  as  well.  AH 
n  an  understands  fully  and  do  what  orders  on  the  storeroom  should  be 
is  expected  of  them.  A  section  mar  signed  bv  the  overseer  personally, 
can  look  after  40  frames.  thus  givinsr  him  opnnrtunitv  to  keep 

Instead  nf  being  hi"?  whole  front,   up    with    any    carelessnec;s    on    the 
a  second  band  should  be  the  over-  part  of  his  men  and  to  give  proper 
seer's  right  wing.    This  man  is  put   instructions  regarding  same, 
on  merely  to  make  the  overseer  a      Encourage   section   men    to   keep 

33 


machinists  off  their  jobs,  but  when  overseer's  previous  experience  must 
it  is  aboslutoly  necessary  to  have  tell  him  how  and  when  to  do  tliesc 
one  make  every  preparation  to  help  things,  but  just  allow  me  lo  say 
him  and  get  him  back  to  the  siiop  as  that  the  use  of  the  right  kind  of 
soon  as  possible.  Do  not  send  such  travelers  will  help  the  work  as 
small  tilings  as  top  clearer  boards  ^uch  as  anything.  Generally,  the 
to^^the  shop,  but  repair  them  your-  ^^^^^^   ^^.^^^^^    ^^^^^^^^^    ^^^   ^^^^ 

As  to  roll  setting,  changing  trav-  and  I  use  flat  tops  for  30s  and  above, 
elers,  gears  and    such    details,     an  and  round  top  for  below  30s. 

Number  Seventeen. 


By  F.  E.  BLAIR,  Prendergast,  Tenn. 


The  overseer  of  spinning  must  from  the  card  room  should  be  re- 
have  a  great  deal  of  patience  to  ported  to  the  carder, 
handle  children  successfully.  He  Have  the  reels  cleaned  off  every 
has  all  kinds  of  help  to  contend  day  and  keep  good  skewers  in  the 
with,  both  good  and  bad.  Study  each  creels.  If  you  allow  them  to  be 
one,  as  some  require  good  treat-  sharpened  at  the  ends  with  a  knife, 
ment,  while  you  will  have  to  be  care-  you  will  soon  have  trouble  with 
ful  with  others,  give  them  an  inch  them  as  the  ends  will  get  blunt, 
and  they  will  take  a  yard.  Handling  or  brushlike.  This  will  cause  ex- 
help  is  the  greatest  problem  we  have  tra  strain  on  the  roving  and  will 
to  face  today.  Hold  your  temper,  break  it,  or  pull  it  almost  in  two, 
do  not  swear  or  be  unkind  to  the  making  uneven  yarn, 
help.  Do  not  make  a  promise  to  The  leather  rolls  require  close 
any  one  of  them  unless  you  are  sure  attention.  Do  not  let  them  get  dir- 
you  can  fulfill  it.  If  the  help  find  ty  or  dry.  The  front  rolls  should 
that  you  lie  to  them  they  will  lose  be  cleaned  and  oiled  each  day.  See 
confidence  in  you.  Try  to  gain  the  that  they  are  picked  clean  before 
good  will  and  confidence  of  your  oiling,  and  that  the  oiler  does  not 
help,  and  you  will  find  that  you  get  oil  on  all  the  leather  of  the  roll, 
get  along  with  them  without  much  Oil  the  back  and  middle  rolls  twice 
trouble.  Treat  every  one  as  nearly  a  week,  always  cleaning  before  oil- 
alike  as  possible.  Do  not  have  any  ing.  Some  mills  on  different  classes 
pets.  Talk  as  little  as  possible  and  of  work  require  more,  and  some 
mean  what  you  say.  D?)  not  get  less  oiling,  and  cleaning.  Have  the 
mad  and  go  through  your  room  section  men  take  out  and  put  in  the 
popping  off  hot  air.  That  will  do  rolls.  Never  allow  the  spinners  to 
more  harm  than  good.  Keep  good  do  it.  See  that  none  are  taken  out 
section  and  second  hands,  men  who  that  will  run.  Watch  this  closely 
will  take  some  interest  and  pride  and  you  will  keep  your  roll  bill 
in   the   room.     See   that  they   treat  down. 

the  help   right   and   that   the   help  See  that  the  roving  traverse  has 

treat   them    right.     Keep    m    close  a  good  stroke.    Let  it  come  as  near 

touch  with  your  men  at  all  times,  the    ends    of    the    rolls    as    possible 

See  that  they  do  their  duty  and  do  without  running  out   at  the   sides. 

^^  well.  Short  strokes  will  wear  out     your 

To   get   good     spinning     requires  rolls    fast.     Keep    the     steel     rolls 

good  even  roving,  therefore  keep  in  cl  ian,     having     the  spinners    clean 

close  touch  with  the  carder.  When  them  every  week,  or  oftener,  if  nec- 

you  get  uneven  roving  in  the  frames  essarv.     When   oiling  leather  rolls, 

making  two  or  three  different  num-  take  'them  out.  wipe  the  arbors  off 

hers,  you  will   have     bad     rnnninp  with  good  waste  before  oiling.  Keep 

work,  and  you  will   not  be  able  to  the  weidit  levers   in  line.     Do  not 

help    it.     Do    not   depend    on    your  have  some  of  them  high  and  some 

regular  sizing  which  you  get  from  down  on  the     creel     boards.     Keep 

the  card  room  every  day.    Take  12  your  stirrups  in  the  center  between 

to  16  bobbins  from  different  frames  the    steel    rolls.     Watch    the    front 

each  day  and  size  them.    Keep  tab  and  bnck  saddles.    Keep  the  proper 

on  the  singling  and  doubling  each  S^^'drv  fo?  wLro'  oT  Wor^ 

day.     Too    much   of   this   will    give  thread  guides  should  be  replaced  by 

you  trouble.    All  bad  work  received  new   ones,    and   see    that   they   are 

3* 


set.  Place  your  set  on  Iho  spindle  Oil  "the  spindles  every  two  weeks, 
and  have  it  perfectly  true.  iSet  the  Have  the  bands  as  nearly  the 
guides  where  the  thread  passes  same  size  as  possible.  Roving 
through  in  the  center.  Set  the  ibands,  about  120  to  the  pound  and 
guides  the  correct  distance  from  puL  on  witli  about  2  pounds  ten- 
tiie  top  of  the  bobbin  by  raising,  or  sion,  will  give  you  very  good  re- 
lowering  the  thread  board.  Keep  suits.  If. they  are  too  slack  they 
the  ring  rails  lined  and  leveled,  and  will  make  slack  yarn,  and  if  too 
lifting  rods  clean.  Lard  oil  is  good  tight  they  absorb  too  nmch  power, 
to  use  on  the  lifting  rods  to  keep  i^ee  tnat  the  bobbins  lit  the  spin- 
them  from  slicking.  There  are  die  cups,  neither  too  loosely  or  too 
many  tangled  bobbins  made  by  the  tightly.  Give  the  spinners  just  as 
lifting  rods  sticking  or  dragging,  many  sides  as  they  can  keep  neat 
Once  a  week  is  sullicient  to  oil  and  clean,  and  all  ends  up.  If  they 
them.  Sometimes  the  wire  traveler  are  given  too  much  they  will  have 
cleaners  become  bent  out  of  shape,  dirty  sides,  make  waste  and  low 
Use  a  gauge  to  set  these  at  the  cor-  production.  Teach  the  spinners  to 
rect  distance  from  the  rings.  Worn  Put  the  white  cotton  in  their  pock- 
rings  wear  out  travelers  and  make  ets  or  waste  box  and  not  on  the 
bad  running  work.  When  they  be-  Hoor.  Some  say  they  have  a  waste 
come  worn,  take  them  out  and  turn  picker  to  pick  it  from  the  sweep- 
them  over.  If  both  sides  are  worn,  ings.  t»ut  the  cotton  is  hardly  fit 
put  in  a  new  one.  Do  not  let  them  to  use  any  more  after  being  dirty, 
get  worn  and  sharp  before  replac-  ^^  not  allow  any  excuses  for  dirty 
ing  them  with  new  ones,  or  you  will  sides,  or  they  will  become  chronic 
have  bad  running  work.  See  that  and  soon  you  will  have  a  duly  and 
the  travelers  you  are  using  fit  the  ^ad  running  room.  Do  not  use  flap 
llange  on  the  ring.  There  are  so  I'ags  or  you  will  have  gouty  yarn, 
many  makes  and  styles  of  travelers  Have  boards  made  with  flannels  on 
that  it  is  hard  to  say  which  one  is  them  to  run  olT  the  thread  boards, 
the  best.  I  like  the  round  point  bet-  Have  the  doffers  ready  when  the 
ter  than  the  square  point,  but  the  frames  are  full.  Never  allow  more 
ones  which  make  my  work  run  well  than  one  frame  stopped  at  a  time 
might  not  suit  yours.  Whatever  for  dolling.  Make  the  doffers  piece 
kind  you  use,  do  not  let  them  run  up  all  ends  before  leaving  a  frame, 
too  long  without  changing.  Lapped  ends  on  the  bobbins  make 

It  is  very  important  to  watch  out  TuI^^nVli  l^V^'/  I'lf  ^'"h^m''  ^'f^"" 
for  dirty,  gummy  spindles  and  those  "^^  doffej  Pick  up  a  bobbin  when 
not  nrooerlv  set  Settinsr  and  ^®  ^^°P^  ^^-  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  kicked 
p?uiJinrp^ndle's'- should' bl  done  tZZtl\ll:^\Tli't^  .I'ti^tl 
by  someone  who  knows  the  business  ^jli^/'i^,,^"^  ''^^  ^'^  ^^^  anything 
if   you   want  good   results.     'Jack-  except  vxasie. 

legs"  will  put  you  out  of  business  I^eep  the  twist  as  near  the  stand- 
on  this  work.  Line  and  level  the  ard  as  possible.  Some  stock  re- 
rails,  and  have  all  old  packing  tak-  Quires  more  twist  than  others.  Do 
en  out  when  you  start  this  work,  not  have  the  drafts  too  long  or 
Use  the  very  best  oil  for  the  spin-  short.  Seven  to  9  on  single  roving, 
dies.  See  that  the  bolster  and  10  to  11  1-2  on  dpuble  roving  is 
bases  are  clean  and  free  from  gum.  about  right.  Setting  the  rolls  de- 
Worn  wicking  on  your  bolsters  Pends  on  the  length  of  the  staple  of 
should  be  replaced  with  new.  You  the  cotton  being  used.  Set  the 
cannot  get  a  steady  running  spin-  front  and  middle  rolls  1-8  inch  fur- 
die  with  a  bad  bolster.  See  that  the  ther  apart  than  the  length  of  the 
steps  and  bottom  ends  of  the  spin-  staple.  Set  from  center  to  center 
dies  are  in  good  shape.  Adjust  the  of  the  rolls,  bet  the  gears  2-3  deep, 
step  by  screwing  up  or  down  to  t>o  not  run  the  work  on  gears  with 
keep  the  shake  out  of  the  spindle,  teeth  broken  out.  See  that  the  rolls 
or  it  will  cause  weak  yarn.  Never  I'un  steadily  and  not  in  a  jerky  way 
use  cheap  oil  for  the  spindles  as  it  for  the  yarn  will  be  cut.  Do  not 
has  a  tendency  to  gum  and  stick,  overspecd  the  frames  for  this  makes 
Oil  of  about  .S3  to  38  specific  grav-  waste  and  not  yarn,  loo  high  a 
ity  is  good.  See  that  the  oiler  does  spindle  speed  will  make  the  bob- 
not  miss  any  spindles.  Blow  the  b'^s  jump  or  crawl  and  make  weak 
bases  out  to  keep  them  clean.  Keep  yarn,  bad  running  work  and  many 
the  tips  on  the  oil  tubes,  or  lint  will  shaky  spindles. 
collect  there  and  get  into  the  base.    Watch    the   cost     and     supplies. 

35 


Keep  both  down.  Get  right  behind  themselves.  Keep  the  belts  clean, 
the  section  men  about  dead  spin-  Train  the  help  to  be  at  their  places 
dies,  as  they  look  bad.  Do  not  at  starting  time.  Watch  out  for 
spend  too  much  time  in  the  ollice.  bad  work  at  your  spoolers  and 
btay  in  the  room  and  keep  it  clean  warpers,  these  are  important.  Mr. 
so  that  you  will  not  be  ashamed  gpjnncr,  if  you  want  to  be  success- 
for  anyone  to  come  m  at  any  time.  ^  ,    ,  „    .,,^   4>„„^„ 

VVatch  out  for  the  small  things  and  ful,  keep  your  eyes  on  the  frame 
the  larger  ones  will  take  care     of  and  your  feet  on  the  floor. 

Number  Eighteen. 


By  J.  H.  MAYES,    Fitzgerald,  Ga. 

The  success  of  a  spinning  room  place   the  kind  of  cotton  is   to  be 

naturally  depends  on  the  ability  of  considered,  and  in  my  opmion  the 

the  overseer  whose  duty  is  to  pro-  cleanlmess  and  evenness  of  the  rov- 

duce  a  good  clean  smooth  yarn  at  a  ing    is    more    important    than  the 

minimum  cost.  length  of  the    staple.    A    successful 

The  superintendent  of  a  success-  mill  will  not  undertake  to  use  any- 
ful  mill,  to  encourage  his  overseers  thing  below  an  inch  staple  for  num- 
should  allow  them  as  far  as  possi-  bers  over  30s.  For  example,  the 
ble  to  hire  the  help,  for  we  must  waiter  is  spinnmg  14s  with  a  two- 
all 'agree  that  the  greatest  problem  inch  ring,  1  in.  traverse,  7-8  m.  di- 
is  the  management  of  help.  On  tak-  ameter  bobbin,  speed  of  front  roller 
ing  charge  of  a  spinning  room,  the  14,  and  3  m.  space  with  separators, 
overseer  should  immediately  learn  This  is  an  ideal  construction  for 
the  disposition  of  the  help,  for  by  this  number  and  enables  me  with 
so  doing  he  will  learn  exactly  how  7-8  in.  staple,  to  use  standard  twist, 
to  approach  them  when  it  is  neces-  which  as  all  spinners-  know,  is  the 
sary  to  correct  them  in  any  w^ay.  square  root  of  the  number  times 
The  second  hand  should  also  do  4  3-4.  Under  proper  conditions, 
likewise  standard   speeds   can  be  used  suc- 

My  policy  has  always  been  to  cessfuly,  but  it  is  necessary  to  have 
drill  into  the  second  hand  and  sec-  even  roving,  short  dralt  rings,  tra- 
tion  men,  the  advantages  of  watch-  verse  in  good  condition.  After  all 
ing  the  little  things,  for  an  end  nev-  if  thmgs  are  not  kept  m  this  condi- 
er  breaks  without  a  cause  and  a  tion,  some  one  is  responsible.  Un- 
warp  is  no  stronger  than  its  weak-  der  this  head  the  second  hand 
est  thread.  It  is  up  to  the  section  should  perform  an  important  duty 
men  to  keep  the  machines  in  good  by  seeing  that  the  shafting  and 
condition.  Do  not  handicap  them  belting  are  in  good  condition  so 
by  refusing  to  furnish  necessary  that  all  frames  will  have  the  same 
supplies.  Then  demand  that  they  speed.  Some  manufacturers  are 
have  a  good  set  of  tools,  for  when  instaHmg  hank  clocks  _  on  their 
ring  guides  need  setting  or  gears  sp.mnmg  frames  and  this  is  cer- 
need  changing,  thev  should  be  ready  tainly  money  well  spent  I  also  ike 
to  do  it  right.  Like  the  overseers  the  loose  pulleys  a  little  smaller 
they  should  be  kind  to  the  help  on  t'lan  the  tight  ones,  for  this  en- 
their  sections  and  conduct  them-  ables  the  belts  to  contract  when 
selves  so  as  to  be  worthy  of  re-  not  puHmg  the  frames. 
spect.  Without  co-operation,  the  Humidity. 
overseer  cannot  hope  to  keep  good,  All  humidifier  builders  furnish  a 
moral  contented  help.  I  think  it  wet  and  dry  bulb  which  enables  the 
wise  for  the  overseers,  before  mak-  overseer  to  keep  records  and  results 
ing  changes  or  new  rules,  to  ex-  obtained  under  dilferent  conditions, 
change  ideas  with  the  second  hand,  T  do  not  think  that  humidity  can 
for  two  heads  are  better  than  one,  he  governed  in  any  other  w^ay,  for 
and  it  encourages  the  second  hand  it  is  well  known  that  climatic  con- 
to  think  that  the  overseer  values  ditions  enable  some  sections  of  the 
his  opinion.  country  to  spin  finer  numbers  than 
Speeds.  others. 

There  is  a  variety  of  opinion  as  Twist. 
to  the  proper  speeds  and  there  are      Speed,    staple    and    size    of   rings 
a  great  many  things  to  consider  be-  govern  the  twist.    I  believe  in  put- 
fore  making  changes.     In  the  first  ting  enough  twist  in  yarn    to    get 

3G 


good  spinning,  for  good  spinning 
means  good  weaving.  Be  careful, 
however,  not  to  put  twist  enough 
to  roh  the  yarn  of  its  elasticity.  The 
rule  of  twist  for  warp  yarn  is  4.75 
times  tlie  square  root,  250  hosiery, 
and  3.75  for  filling.  Dolliny. 

Calculations.  Dolling  should  he  watched   care- 

Yarn  table:  fully,  for  usually  it  is  done  by  small 

i%  yd.=  l  thread  or  round  of  cotton  boys  whose  only  thought  is  getting 


22 

7.10 

10.89 

24 

G.88 

10.75 

28 

10.09 

30 

10.95 

36 

11.20 

40 

1093 

reel 

120  yd.=l  skein  or  1-7  hank. 
840  yd.=7  skeins  or  1  hank. 

To  find  counts  of  yarn: 
No.  of  yds.X8  1-3 
=counts. 


Weight  in  grains 

Regulation  of  rolls  for  long  staple  method  makes   uneven  yarn 
cotton:  '  ' ' 

Set  draw  roll   from  center  to  cen 

ter  1-4  in.  more  than  length  of  spinners  to  have  empty  frames  be 


it  done,  therefore  they  must  be 
carefully  watched.  Tliey  must  be 
taught  how  to  doff  without  breaking 
down  ends,  to  clean  spindles  which 
have  yarn  on  them  and  to  piece 
up  well.  Teach  them  to  twist  their 
ends   when   piecing,   for   any   other 

Doflf 
as  few  sides  as  possible  on  the  same 
spinner,   for  it  is  very     trying     on 


cotton. 
Set  speeder  roll 


from     center 


cause  there  is  moi'o  tension  on  the 
to  yarn  at  this  time,  the  yarn  being  at 


center  1-8  in.  more  than  length  a  strained   angle   from   the   ring  to 


of  cotton. 
Set    spinning    roll    from    center    to 
center  1-lG  in.  more  than  length 
of  cotton. 
Twist  constant: 


the  bobbin. 

Cleanliness  and  Waste. 

The  above  terms  go  hand  in  hand, 
for  to  eliminate  waste  it  is  neces- 
sary for  everything  to  be  clean.  It 


Front  roll  gearXJack  gearXRatio  jg  a  good  practice  in- keeping  the 
cylinder  to  whiTl-:-circumference  room  clean,  to  use  a  red  flag  which 
front     steel     rollXcylmder     gear=  tells  the  spinners  to  clean  their  sides 


constant. 
Production: 


at  once.    After  this  is  done  the  floor 
,,,,..,,,  ,  ,  should  be   swept.     A  good  way   to 

411   divided   by   number  of  yarri  have  sweeping  done  is     to     sweep 

"~     .^„^X°i"^.'-^"  _-°:L,.^^"°^!:  ../I?!!  ^ach  spinner's  sides  to  the  end  of 

" "  '  the  frame,  and  inspect  sweepings  to 

see  that  no  good   cotton  is  carried 
^  ^^,      ,        ,,  ^^  ,.     out.     Also   provide   sacks   for     the 

Crown  gear X back  roll     gearxdi-  gninners  to  deposit  clean  waste  in. 
"^^^F,  ^V.   I^-^?!^^°"L   F°^'     "^^"^^       'i'lic  section  men  should  never  use 

knives   or   any  kind   of   hooks   that 
,  „„^    ,•   •  ,    ,    1  ,        .  will  scratch  steel  rolls  for  a  scratch- 

1,700   divided   by   counts   of  yarn  cd  flute  will  in  the  course  of  a  year 
equals  breaking  strength  of  120  yds.  cost  more  than  the  spindle  is  worth 

to  the  company.  See  that  the  top 
rolls  are  evenly  weighted  and  clean 
at  each  end  for  more  uneven  yarn 
is  made  from  choked  rolls  than 
any  other  cause.  Keep  creels  in  good 
condition,  guides  and  rings  well  set 
and  plumbed  for  all  these  help  to 
reduce  waste.     Insist  on  good  ma- 


times 

equals  pounds  per  spindle  per  weeli 

of  66  hours. 

Draft  constant: 

Cr 
ame 
diameter  B.  R.=Constant 

Breaking  strength    (American 


yarn. 
Contraction  of  twist: 
Divide   number   of   yarn  by   pro- 
duct of  the  hank  roving,  times  the 
draft   and  substract     the     quotienl 
from  one. 

Drafts. 

Below   is   my   record   of  dilTerent 

counts.  However,  circumstances  al-  chine  work,  as  gears  which  are  not 

ter  cases,  but  when  the  card  room  true  to  pitch  and  poorly  pitched  will 

hurt  the  work.  To  eliminate  waste 

put  plenty  of  taper  on  bobjjins  and 

use  a  long  stroke  on  filling.     This 

means  that  the  frames  will  dolT  a 

8.40  little  quicker,  but     it    also     means 

10.00  there  will  be  no     tangled    bobbins. 

10.50  Watch   the  band  boys     and     teach 


will  permit  run  short  drafts 

No.  Sinqle  Roving     Double  Rov 

4  5.71 

G  c.25 

8  7.00 

10  7.00 

12  0.81 


14 

7.00 

16 

7.00 

18 

6.89 

20 

7.00 

10.70  them  to  put  the  bands  on  at  the 
11.20  same  tension  and  tie  a  flat  knot. 
10.33  While  I  prefer  a  roving  band,  for  it 
10.50  breaks  quicker,  I  use  yarn  bands, 
37 


for  they  can  be  worked  up  from 
rubbed  yarn  which  would  otherwise 
be  sold  for  a  small  sura. 
Oiling. 
Oil  spindles  every  two  weeks. 
Some  may  think  this  foolish,  but  it 
assures  you  that  they  are  always 
full  and  should  the  oiler  slight 
some  spindle,  it  would  probably  be 
oiled  next  time  before  any  damage 
was  done.  Oil  the  traverse  motion 
thoroughly  each  week,  oil  cylinders 
daily  and  all  fast     running     gears 


twice  daily.  Be  careful  to  oil  only 
the  parts  needing  oil,  for  careless 
oiling  , around  the  rolls,  for  instance, 
will  cause  unnecessary  waste. 

Tn  conclusion  I  will  say  that  it  is 
a  good  policy  for  the  overseer  to 
watch  himself  more  closely  than 
any  one  else  and  ask  himself  if  he 
is  doing  his  duty.  By  spending  a 
few  minutes  each  day  in  thoughts 
along  this  line,  he  will  think  of 
many  things  that  may  improve  con- 
ditions, for  there  is  always  some- 
thing to  be  done  in  a  spinning  room. 


Number  ISineteen. 


By  JOHN  CURWEX,  E.  Tallassee,  Ala. 


I  feel  that  the  subject  of  "Practi- 
cal and  Elilcient  Spinning'  is  a 
very  serious  one,  full  of  dilficulties, 
and  one   upon  which   many  diver- 


section  men,  one  at  a  time.  Ask 
them  about  their  work,  whether 
they  experienced  any  difficulties  in 
carrying     out     their     duties,     and 


gent  views  are  held.  A  person  may  whether  the  frames  under  their 
have  very  excellent  ideas  as  to  the  charge  are  in  good  working  order, 
way  he  would  conduct  a  room,  and  Have  them  specify  which  frames 
yet  be  held  back  by  the  scarcity  of  in  their  sections  produce  bad  work, 
help,  or  help  of  a  poor  character,  if  any,  or  are  in  any  way  trouble- 
Also,  he  may  not  have  the  liberty  some.  Make  notes  of  what  they  say, 
of  putting  his  ideas  and  systems  into  take  the  numbers  of  the  frames  re- 
operation, for  the  simple  reason  ported  as  being  troublesome  and 
that  the  person  above  him,  who  investigate  them  as  soon  as  you  can 
formerly  may  have  been  a  spinner,  conveniently  do  so.    Do  not,  at  this 


may  have  his  ideas  too,  and  wheth- 
er they  are  good,  better,  or  worse, 


early    time,    rush    in    and    make    a 
number  of  changes  and  new  rules, 


his   say   goes   because   he    has   the  but  And  out  where  yon  stand.     Be 


authority. 


watchful,  observant    and    thought- 


It  is  always  best  to  have  a  thor-  ful.  Now  take  the  frames  accord- 
ough  understanding  upon  this  point  ing  to  the  numbers  they  are  spin- 
before  taking  up  a  new  position,  ning,  the  coarse  frames  first,  and 
and  ha^e  all  necessary  points,  such  give  each  one  a  thorough  sizing.  Do 
as  freedom  of  action,  etc.,  cleared  this  personally,  as  you  are  the  man 


up. 


Having  secured     a     position 


who  comes  from  Missouri,  you  want 
as  to   know  or  be   shown.     Enter   all 


overseer  of  a  spinning  room,     say  the  sizmgs   m  your  note  book  for 

one  which  has  been  run  a  good  long  future   reference.   Also   enter   them 

time,  and  having  the  first  day  gone  m  the  official  book.    The  object  of 

through    the    usual    introductions,  this  sizing  is  to  find  out  how  you 

proceed  somewhat  in  the  following  really  stand  m  this  respect  and  to 

manner:     Make  yourself   acquaint-  show  you   later  on     whether     you 

ed  with  the  second  hand,  or  assist-  have  improved  the  work  any.  This 

ant  spinner.     Take   out  your  note  sizing  should   be   done   before   you 

book,  and  obtain  from  him  the  rou-  started   in   to   make   any   necessary 

tine  of  the  room  as  carried  out  by  changes,  and  will  be  a  criterion  for 

your    predecessor.      Examine     this  you  to  go  by.    The  next  thing  is  to 

routine  or  system    of    work    very  find   out   the    production   of     each 

carefully.    Inquire  of  the  assistant  frame  and  compare  the  result  with 

if  the  svstem,  as  explamed  to  you,  what  you  know  about  the  produc- 

was   faithfully   carried   out,   and   if  tion.    If  it  is  below  your  estimate, 

the  results  were  good,  bad  or  indif-  root  out  the  cause  and  enter  it  in 

ferent.    He  will  have  no  interested  your  note  book.     Right  hero     you 

object   in   keening   the   truth   from  will  need  to  know  the  number  of 

you,  but  should  he  withhold  any-  revolutions  of  the  front  rollers  for 

thing  of  importance,  other  persons  the  various   counts   you    are   spin- 

and  your     own  observations,     will  nmg,  also  the  twist  per  inch.    \ou 

soon  reveal  it  to  you.  Now  get  your  will   want   these   particulars   when 

38 


you  go  into  the  questions  of  pro-  refer  to  any  memoranda  you  may 
auction  and  quality.  Take  a  look  liave  concerning  it,  be  suru  you  are 
at  tlie  top  leather  roils  to  see  if  they  right,  then  go  ahead.  Keep  your 
are  properly  spaced  and  parallel  eyes  open  until  the  changes  have 
with  the  steel  rolls,  except  the  been  made  and  watch  results.  In 
front  top  roll,  which  is  usually  any  changes  which  you  may  deem 
pushed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  it  wise  or  necessary  to  make,  always 
bottom  roller.  Examine  the  trav-  proceed  with  circumspection,  bal- 
elers,  seeing  that  each  frame  has  ancing  the  questions  on  both  sides, 
the  travelers  that  are  best  suited  It  is  much  better  to  leave  things  as 
for  the  counts,  and  that  there  are  you  found  them  than  to  jeopardize 
no  odd  sizes  or  worn  travelers  in  your  reputation  by  making  altera- 
use.  Have  the  rings  looked  after,  tions  that  show  no  improvement  and 
for  the  purpose  of  discovering  any  sometimes  end  by  making  matters 
loose  or  worn  rings.  Find  out  worse.  I  do  not  consider  it  neces- 
the  number  of  idle  spindles  and  sary  here  to  put  down  a  lot  of 
ascertain  why  they  are  not  running,  "don'ts,"  nor  to  specify  in  detail  all 
and  make  a  note  of  the  same.  the  small   things   which   should  be 

By  this  time  you  are  getting  ac-  done.  It  rarely  happens  that  a  man 
quainted  with  the  "look"  or  general  is  appointed  spinner,  without  a  long 
appearance  of  the  room.  A  person  experience  in  the  spinning  room, 
may  see  a  few  glaring  or  promi-  The  frames  ought  to  b^  cleaned 
nerit  things  on  his  first  visit  to  a  or  scoured  at  stated  intervals.  Oil- 
spmning  room,  but  he  must  be  there  ing  should  be  done  regularlv,  and 
for  a  longer  time  before  he  will  be  supervised,  especially  the  spindle 
able  to  see  so  clearly  behind  the  feet  or  steps.  The  machines  should 
scenes  that  it  will  be  of  any  prac-  be  overhauled  and  the  spindles 
tical  benefit  to  him.  plumbed  periodicallv,  and  all  other 

It  is  not  a  good  calculator,  nor  a  duties  faithfully  attended  to.  The 
successful  textile  student,  who  is  most  imporlant  mailer  for  a  mill 
always  the  most  efTicient  man.  It  is  man,  no  matter  what  his  rating,  is 
the  man  whose  mill  training  and  to  formulate  a  system  to  work  by, 
schooling  have  been  helped  out  by  remembering  that  the  best  system 
close  observation  of  facts  and  a  ever  devised  is  not  worth  the  paper 
clear  reasoning  of  causes  and  ef-  it  is  written  on,  if  it  is  not  con- 
fects.  This  phase  of  the  overseers  scientiously  carried  out.  It  would 
could  be  beneficially  enlarged  up-  be  useless  for  me  to  try  to  lay  out 
on,  but  a  lack  of  space  prevents  it.     any  system  that  could  be  followed 

Having  thoroughly  informed  your-  because  the  .conditions  differ  in  each 
self  of  the  conditions  of  the  room,  mill.  The  overseer  himself  is  the 
the  class  of  help  and  the  general  best  judge  of  what  he  needs  and 
trend  of  things,  make  your  com-  should  be  guided  by  the  circum- 
parison  between  the  way  you  find  stances  governing  the  case.  The 
things  and  the  way  you  think  they  main  point  is  to  see  that  the  sys- 
should  be.  If  you  think  that  mat-  tern  which  one  adopts  is  unvarying- 
ters  can  be  materially  improved,  ly  t'secuted.  Scientific  manage- 
begin  to  act,  cautiously  and  slowly,  ment  is  nothing  more  or  less  than 
one  thing  at  a  time.  If  the  produc-  a  highly  developed  system  strictlv 
tion.    let  us   say,   is   not  what  you   enforced. 

think  it  should  be,  and  you  desire  y^  conclu'^ion  I  will  sav  be 
to  improve  it,  fall  back  upon  your  cfraifrhtforward'and  manlv  in  your 
past  experience  in  simi  ar  cases,  if  bearing,  firm,  kindlv  and  courteous 
you  have  had  any  similar  transac-   ,vith  vour  help,   with   patience   for 

tions  before.    If  not,     call  to  mind   ,u^-„  "u„„i •  t^         •  •        i 

what  you  have  seen  done,  or  helped  ^''^'^  shortcomings.  Keep  interest- 
to  do  when  you  held  a  subordinate  ed  in  your  work  and  up-to-date  in 
position.     Read   up  on   the  subject,   your   ideas,    and   you    will    succeed. 

Number  Twonly. 


Bv  G.  W.  BRTHMAX.  Laurel    Hill.   X.  C. 


Tn  my  opinion  the  first  and  most  This,   of  course,   is  determined   ac- 
important  thing  to  consider  in  mak-  cording  to  the  stock  being  used  and 
ing   good    running   spinning,    is    the   the  length  of  staple, 
speed  of  the  front  roll  per  minute       Second.     Never   put   a   four   side 

3D 


spinner  on  six  sides  and  expect 
him  to  keep  them  up  whether  he 
can  or  not,  and  never  put  one  wher( 
you  know  ho  cannot  keep  them  up 

Third.  Never  pay  $1.00  and  $1.25 
to  some  spinners  to  run  four  side 
and  to  another  52c  or  13c  per  side 
for  the  one  getting  pay  by  the  side 
knows  what  th  other  hand  is  get- 
ting to  do  the  same  work,  and  the 
spinner  gets  disheartened. 

Fourth.  Never  tell  a  hand  thai 
you  are  going  to  do  a  thing  unles? 
you  intend  to  do  it.  for  if  you  tel' 
one  you  are  going  to  do  a  thing, 
whether  it  is  good  or  bad,  and  do 
not  do  it.  there  is  nothing  doing 
any  more. 

Fifth.  Top  rolls  should  be  clean- 
ed once  daily  and  oiled  three  times 
a  week:  frame  stands  should  be 
oiled  twice  a  day:  back  steel  roll? 
should  be  cleaned  once  per  week 
and  oiled  three  times:  roving 
creels  should  be  cleaned  three 
times  per  week  and  spindles  oiled 
once  every  two  weeks. 


Sixth.  Tf  the  speed  is  not  right 
this  cleaning  and  oiling  is  not  apt 
to  get  done.  If  the  four  side  spin- 
ner has  six  sides,  the  cleaning  is 
not  apt  to  be  done  and  the  next 
thing  you  know  your  spinning  is 
running  had  and  you  don't  know 
what  is  causing  it. 

Seventh.  Of  course  I  believe  ir 
the  boss  being  boss  and  the  hands 
being  the  hands,  but  at  the  same 
time  treat  everybody  fairly.  I  wan! 
to  mention  a  case  I  know  of  in  r 
spinning  room  where  the  superin- 
tpndent  wanted  high  speed  and  had 
his  rolls  making  175  turns  per 
minute  and  he  could  not  do  any- 
thing with  the  spinning  and  scold- 
ed his  spinner  all  the  time.  Final- 
Iv  the  spinner  told  the  superinten- 
dent to  let  him  cut  the  speed  anr 
thp  work  would  go  all  right.  Hr 
cut  the  thread  to  160  turns  per 
minute  and  got  much  better  pro- 
duction at  160  than  at  175  turns  per 
minute. 


Number  Twenty-One. 


Bv  L.  L.  HURLEY,  Reidsville,  N.  C. 


"Practical  and  EfTlcient  Spinning"  breath  for  a  good  long  while.    The 

does  not  mean  the  ability  to  figure  spinner  must  ^^^  master  of  his  job. 

backward  and  forward,  coming  and  ^o\  ^^'^ il^^^to   ^^  J        ^{l^  ^^^^^ 

^oine  on  all  gears  shafts,  rolls,  etc..  m^st    succeed,      lettmg     all     other 

hilt  it  mean<^  4tt  n-  ri-ht  dowm  to  things  be     secondary.     A     spinning 

bl    inesT  usinf  good  .i^dlmenrand  room  will  not  be   -m  .^^^^f^'^.^  I' 

^i^T^tTT  r>f  r.n-v.    onri  <^pffin£r  minlifv  whc-o  ouc  or  two  other  things  are 

and    produHion   af  the   r^^hfcoi  unpermost    in    the    spinner's   mind. 

Further   ineanrJtin-^th^^^  When  a  spinner  turns  to  sports  and 

ProMded  thThP  has  the  rieht  sP^ning  taking  its  place.  The  spm- 
iM-nr^of  men  to  wo^k  fo-  men  who  ner  should  be  a  good  obser^^er.  keep- 
wi^l  biiv^vha  he  needs  in  thp  wav  in^  liis  eyes  and  mind  alert  to  every 
of  VSnlies    it  re.^s  al^^^^^^^^  ^^«^"^-  ^^  conditions,  of  stock,  tem- 

with  tZ  ove^  eer  as    to    wLl,    the  p'^rature  and  moisture,  ^l^:^ys  look 
roiilf  will  be    Tn  view  of  this  we  ^sr  ahead  and  steering  his  course. 
mus;.^:nsid'er:  '"(iV  What  kind't  -^,^^^\^;,^^/ ,\^  Vu4'k^w' iu^t^'as 
man  the  overseer  should    be:     (2)   tojo  ^{j-^  Yhe'sTod'hris^  work! 


What  must  be  do  in  order  to   get 
thp  best  results  from  his  room. 

The  overseer  should  be  a  man  who 
has    sfabilify   of   chaT^acfer.   who   is 


ing  as  is  possible  for  him  to  find  out. 
There  is  much  to  loarn  for  the  man 
who  is  reaching  out  for  this  knowl- 


has    ^taniljty   oi  ,f",'^,^7^''^^-   ^'""   ^^  Pdgo.     Hp   must   know   human    na- 

honest  and  »1?^"?li!^"l-/Jj^X%f 'I^  ture.  and  figuratively  speaking,  kepp 

o  what  IS  going  on  and  readv  at  all  thumb   on   every  pulse   in   the 
times  to  decide  and  act  wisely,  ine 

dav  has  passed  when  a  man  can  cov-  \'              ,      ^,          i     i    ^   »•„„    ^f 

er  his  room  about  one  mornin?  in  ^  Now   as    to    the   actual    duties   of 

the  month,   chargimr  around,  firing  \^^  .^^'"'Y'' ^"^  ^f^' ^^.  ^Zl^7Jl'^ 

mit  twn  nr  three  hands    ^ettine  Pv-  -'ffil    •'^"d    efRcient.     He    should    ffpt 

er\Ue  in  a^stTr^'nd  then  sneaki^  the  very  best  possible  second  hnnd^ 

off  for  a  smoke  and  hardlv  display-  one  whom  he  can  rely  on  for  truth 

ing  energy  enough     to     draw     his  and  honesty  and  fair  dealing,  a  man 

40 


who  will  carry  out  to  his  very  best  for  a  very  small  sum.  Otherwise  it 
ability  what  he  is  ordered  to  do.  re-  is  left  as  an  eyesore  and  a  leak  in 
gai-dless  of  any  previous  customs  the  profits.  No  good  spinner  can 
he  has  liad.  Thus,  the  overseer  is  rest  when  such  conditions  exist  in 
able  to  train  his  help  to  be  level-  his  room.  A  little  thought  shows 
headed,  reasonable  and  dependable,  what  he  is  losing,  not  only  everv 
It  is  only  with  this  class  of  help  thai  day,  but  every  hour,  in  production 
the  greatest  elhciency  can  be  ob-  and  good  precedent  to  those  under 
tained.     No  spinner  should  tolerate  him. 

a  shiftless  and  inditl'erent  element  The  work  for  each  hand  should 
as  such  people  are  a  great  hindrance  be  carefully  outlined  and  as  much 
to  elliciency.  All  section  men  and  system  practiced  as  possible.  All 
oilers  should  be  made  to  realize  oiling  and  cleaning  should  be  done 
that  they  are  in  line  of  promotion  at  regular  times,  all  things  being 
and  should  be  carefully  trained  and  arranged  so  tiiat  they  will  be  as  con- 
watched,  as  the  overseer  must  de-  venient  to  the  different  operatives 
pend  on  these  men  for  much  of  his  as  possible. 

fixing  and  cleaning  of  frames  It  is  ^^^  ^^^^  should  be  provided  with 
important  to  create  a  disposition  on  g^^^  smooth  roving  bands  that  will 
the  part  of  these  young  men  to  be  not  splinter  and  break  ends  on  rov- 
as  ef  icient  as  possible.  No  overseer  j^g.  Roving  should  be  laid  on  the 
should  fail  to  show  and  explain  fi-a^es  in  two  or  three  places,  so  as 
anything  to  any  of  his  second  or  ^o  be  convenient  from  either  end 
section  men  when  they  show  a  dis-  ^v  the  center  ot  the  frames.  Empty 
position  to  learn,  as  it  not  only  edu-  i^obbins  should  be  taken  off  fre- 
cates  your  helpers,  but  inspires  quently  and  tops  of  creels  kept  in 
loyalty,  which  will  prove  of  value  good  condition, 
poth  now  and  m  after  years.  r^  •     t      j  ■       ,  cr 

It  is  not  onlv  important  to  have  a  .  Convenient  and  easy  running  dojf- 
good  class  of  help,  but  is  important  ;"/J^^\^|  jf ^ou  d  b^^^^ad  and^hey 
for  the  numbers  to  be  watched  con-  fha  tno  tlnie^s  wafted  bv  the  doffe? 
stantly  and  kept  right,  or  it  will  re-  kovs  tSe:^"n^  at^ea^^^  and  unhandy 
rad';Snnirw^'r?orthfoufj;'5v'  boL^s'^'oTod  blooms  VlZldTeC 
?n^  fl^no'nle^jlesTv^rste^and  b^ad  J^-'i  lr:^,v^"d1rtv%""a°^drrt7not- 

ehfn^e'f  7hP^  ^,^1^^  of 'tt^'^flfnl"  roci^'of^'all 'of'  he 'fr'es'h  'clian?- 

chines.     The    length    of   the    staple  onnpanncp  of  thp  mom    and  his  i 

should    be    watched    and    the    rolls  ^fo,e  or  less  denre.TnT'effeV 

kept  the  right  distance  apart,  so  as  "^°',^  °^  less  depressing  ettect,. 

to  insure  strong  and  even  work.  It  .Close  attention  should  be^  given  to 

is  highly  important  that  the  frames  the  belts,  as  a  great  loss  ^f  produc- 

be   kept   in   running   condition    and  [ion  often  occurs  before  a  counter 

up  to  a  standard  that  every  one  in  belt  is  noticed  slipping  for  want  of 

the  room  will  realize  that  the  ma-  a    lit  le   castor   oil    or   tal  ow.     The 

chinery    is    in    good    condition    and  speed    of   the    different    classes     of 

that  thev  are  not  fighting  a  machine  work   should   be  given   attention   as 

that  is  improperly  geared  up  or  set  mjich  may  sometimes  be  gained  by 

in   such   a  way  as   to   make  waste,  changing     speed   on   certain     num- 

ugly   bobbins    and   bad   work,    thus  bers  to  suit  the  work, 

causing   them   to     do     unnecessary  T  am  not  able  to  lay  out  a  rule  by 

work  on  account  of  their  foreman  which  all  spinners  may  go  in  hand- 

not  doing  his  full  duty  in  keeping  ling   the   different   departments     of 

the  frames  in  a  perfect  working  con-  their   work,    as    there    are    no    two 

dition.  jobs   which    can   be    run    the   same 

No  spindles  should  be  allowed  to  way.     Do  not  be   too  swift,  but  be 

stand  idle  for  want  of  a  perfect  cyl-  on   your   job   every   day   and    I   am 

inder  rim,  new  guides,  creel  steps,  quite    sure    that    the    average    man 

or  other  causes.     These  thinsrs  can  will  grow  to  be  Practical  and  Effi- 

be  easily  fixed  or  new  pieces  bought  cient  in  his  spinning. 


Number  Twenty-Two. 


By  G.  F.  BRIETZ,  Lumberlon,  N.  G. 


The   four  most  important  things  as  this  figures  very  largely  in  the 

to   be   considered   in   practical   and  weekly  output  and  cost  per  pound, 

efficient  spinning  are:  as  on  this  basis  the  mill  prospers 

'St.    Care  of  machinery.  or  goes  under. 

2nd.    Management  of  help  (to  get  Suppose   our    weekly    production 

and  to  holdj.  is  4,000  pounds  No.  14s;  7,500  pounds 

3rd.    Quality   of   yarn.  No.  20s,  and  10,000  pounds  No.  24s. 

4th.    Quantity.  If  we     reduce     each     number     to 

System  is     the     most     important  hanks,    and    then    divide    the    total 
thing.     Inaugurate  a  practical  sys-  hanks  by  the  total  poands  it  will 
tern  for  oiling,  cleaning  and  dolling,  give  us  our  average  number. 
If     making     a  high  grade     hosiery  Example: 
yarn,   have   and   maintain   a   stand-  4,000X14=56,000 
ard  twist.    The  best  way  to  do  this  7,500X20=150,000 
is  to  have  a  table  of  standard  twist  10,000 X '4=240,000 
plainly  marked   at  overseer's  desk,  7,500+4,000+ 10,000=21,500 
or  always  on  person.     Have   every  150,000+56,000+24,000=44o,000 
frame    plainly    marked    with    draft  440,000^-21,500=20.74   average   no. 
and  twist  constants.  If  we  have  9,000  spindles  and  pro- 
Some   overseers   may  be   a   little  duce  21,500  lbs.,  average  20.74  uy  di- 
shy  on   arithmetic,    and    unable    to  viding  the   spindles  run     into     the 
work   out  a   constant   for     himself  pounds  produced     will     ^?how     the 
then  let  him  get  some  one  else    to  pounds  per  spindle, 
work  out  his  constants  for  him,  and  Example: 

have   it  plainly  marked  on   end   of  21,500^9,000=  2.40   lbs.  per  spin- 
frame,  where  it  can  be  easily  seen  die  average  number. 

Suppose    the    twist    constant    h  It  is  much  easier  to  got  full  pjo- 

82,880,  and  he  wishes  to  put  in  14  duction  in  a  room  on  Pew  numbers, 

twists  per  inch;   he  simply  divides  say  from  four  to  six  numbers,  Ihan 

82,880  by  14,  which  will  show  him  in  a  run  of  moie  than  eight  to  ten 

the  gear  to  use.    Again,  if  he  find,  numbers,  owing  to  the  necessity  of 

he   has   on   No.   48   twist   gear,   and  emptying  and  filling  doff  boxes, 

runs  that  into  his  constant,  he  will  In  a  run  of  many  numbers  it  is 

find  he  is  putting  in  19.75  twist  pei  a  good   investment  to   have   a   man 

inch.  employed,  whose  duty  it  is  to  dump 

In   some   rooms   there   are   likely  each  box  into  proper  place,  or  bin 

to    be    several    difi'erent    constants  as     doffers     come     from     spinning 

when  this  is  the  case,  the  more  rea-  room. 

son  why  each     frame     should     b(  Two  reasons  why  it  is  easier  to 

plainly    marked,   being   sure     how-  get  standard  production  on  combed 

ever,    that    whenever    the    constant  yarn,  than  on  carded:  First,  owing 

is  changed  ,to  change  tag  or  placarc  to    eliminating   of   short   fibers    the 

on   end  of  frame.  work  runs  better.    Second,  the  fact 

It    is    presumed    that   every   well  that  a  higher  price  is  paid  for  it 

regulated  mill,   has  its  own  stand-  more     perfect     work    is    expected, 

ard  of  twist;  peculiarly  its  own,  a?  and   this   within   itself   necessitates 

different   grades   of   yarn     of     the  a  more  rigid  system  of  cleaning  and 

same     number,     require     differenl  oiling  which  allows  a  higher  speed 

twist,   for   instance:       warp     twist,  and   better   production, 

filling    twist,    hosiery    twist,      mule  Here  is  an  item  on  practical  and 

twist,  long  staple,  and  short  staple  efficient  spinning  that  in  many  mills 

The  practical  spinner  who  is  ag-  does  not  get  as  close  attention  as  it 

gressive  and  wants  to  keep  up  with  deserves,       especially      thread      or 

the   times,   should   have   a  produc-  spring  waste. 

tion     table,     showing     how     manj  in    a   mill    producing,    say   22,00« 

pounds   per  week   and   per   spindle  lbs.,    average    No.   25,    one-third    o( 

should    be   obtained,    and    if   he    is  one  per  cent  string:  waste  may  be  • 

unable   to   reach    it.    he    should   be  reasonable     production     of     waste, 

able  to  truthfully  state  why.  Many  produce  as  much  as  one  per 

Every  practical  spinner  ought  tc  cent  and  do  not  think  much  about 

know,  or  learn  as  soon  as  possibh  it.  because  they  haven't  stopped  to 

how  to  figure  his  average  number  count  the  cost. 

42 


The  string  waste  is  the  most  ex-  7.    Encourage   cleanliness    among 

pensive    of    all    waste,    because    in  help. 

that  slate  is  is  practically  a  liuish-  g^    ^^ep      spindles,      rings,      and 

ed  article,   the  diUerence  being     in  guides  set  true 

pound,    or    to    Riverside    Mill    at    6  rfrt^'    '^^^'^    ^^^^    ^"^    ^"'^"^^    "^ 

cents  per  pound.     One  per  cent  it  verses. 

220    lbs.   per   week,   one-third   of    1       1^-    ^eep  weight  even  in  line  and 

per  cent  is  73  lbs.  per  week,  a  dif-   evenly  balanced  . 

ference  of  147  pounds  per  week  af       11.    See   that  both  ends  of   rolls 

24  cents,  difference  between  Phila-  are  the  same  size. 

delphia    price    and    Augusta    price,       ^g.    Remember      that     for     good 

|',"«",?l!"^   ^°    ^'^^•f   per   week,    or    spinning,   you   must   have   good   lit- 

Um.ob  per  year  for  just  this  one  ^f      and  well  balanced  bobbm. 

Item  alone,  caused  by  carelessness      ^|^    ^^^^.^  j^^  travelers  wear   too 

at  tne  mill.  ^^^^  before  changing. 

An  overseer  should  systematical-       14.    Bands  of  even  size  and  ten- 
ly  take  a  sizing,  or  weighing  from     ■ 

mauL  whemeTte   has  So'T^airfe?  "  'S'^^P.  ^^^   °"   ^"'■""^^   ^"^ 

or  300   frames.     It  will   require     a  out  of  bobbins, 
short  time,  not  more  than  two  and  !«•    t^e     sure     that    frames     are 
a  half  minutes  to  each  frame,  and  properly  geared.    ,.,.., 
he  will  by  doing  this  often  find  sur-  17.    Humidity    of    air    lends    its 
prises  awaiting  him  before  he    getj  part    towards    practical    and     em- 
through.     It     is     possible     that     a  cient  spinning, 
wrong  gear  has  been  put  on,  or  tha'  18.    l^on't  forget  that  gooQ    hrst- 
roving  has  been  mixed;   something  class   roving   may   be    delivered    to 
that  he  did  not  expect  to  find.  Sup-  the  spinning  room,  and  by  bad  and 
pose  that  this  does   take  from  one  careless   managing   poor   yarn   may 
to  three  hours  of  his  valuable  time  be  turned  out.                        ■     ,     „ 
that,  and  his  experience  is  what  he  The   writer   recalls   one    inslanc. 
is  paid  for!  of   a   mill,    that   was   making    high 

Anolher  thing  that  will  help   to  |S''|,hpSy'e™"a,'rel'wl?en '"rd 
make  an     overseer     valuable     and  a™  nS^t    t  e     knit    fabric  showed 

t^atLne^^t^  ?CLl\rfZe  nry.  "anS'Sp^paVe^i';?/^^'^^^^ 

ciallv   if   he   has   manv   as   fi'ftv   m  remedies,  it  was  found  that  by  re- 

Sne  hundred  framS   that  before  h[  Cueing  the   speed   and   the   tens.or. 

has    gotten    through'   he    will    have  on  drawing  frame  the  trouble  was 

other  surprises  to  greet  him;  some  overcome. 

frames  will  be  found  under  speed       Many   of   us   will    remember   tm 

because    belts    slipped,  either    the  article   that   appeared    in   a    text;  e 

direct  drive  or  one  of  the  counter  Paper  a  few  years  ago  of  a   Utile 

belts  were  slipping  or  else  accident-  tack   in   the   leather  condenser   ro 

ally,   of   course,    the     wrong     twist  to  Denn  warper  that  gave  the  iml 

gear  has  been  put  on!  a  black  eye.  and  caused  several  able 

A   few  of   the   very  many   things  ^"^/•^"'^f^lhnMf'Is^^hi^mtrfoxec 

that  writer  has  found  necessary  in  "/'"^Tn^,   %  l^Vinis      Th  =  Lnh^s 

practical  and  efficient  spinning  dur-  ^h^t  spoil   the  vines     This  apples 

.  ,  •  ii,  as  we     to  textile  things  as  scrip- 

mg    a    long     service     among     the  ^^^^^  things. 

frames:  Some  of  us  have  passed  through 

1.  Thorough  mixing.  several  Presidential  campaigns,  anr 

2.  Keep   out  damp   cotton.  a  few  panics,  bu;,     the     mill     thai 
o     TVT^t    t^   u         4       „.     u  i     makes    eternal    vinnance    its    motu 

in  ^nHnn  ^^   ^^^   ^''^  """"'^   "^^'^^  ^"d  accepts  the  maxim  of  that  il 

m  Luuun.  lustrious  statesman   who   said,     "in 

4.  Systematic    oiling   and    clean-  tj^p    of    peace    prepare    for   war," 
^^S-  usually  run  on. 

5.  Systematic  inspection  of  roll-  

•rs. 

6.  Keep  room  clean. 

43 


Number  Twenty -Three. 


By  W.  P.  LOVITT,  Barnesville,  Ga. 


After  20  years'  experience  I  will  I  do  not  use  separators  on  the  fill- 
write  this  to  give  my  ideas  in  re-  ing.  On  filling  the  guide  wires  are 
gard  to  spinning.  At  the  present  set  3  inches  from  the  top  of  the 
time  I  am  overseer  of  15,000  spin-  bobbins,  length  of  traverse  6  1-2 
dies,  making  28s  filling  and  24s  inches,  diameter  of  ring  1  7-8.  T 
warps.  I  draft  my  warp  11.50  and  use  a  No.  5-0  traveler  on  the  filling, 
my  filling  12.77.  The  twist  per  I  try  to  find  a  spindle  out  about 
inch  in  filling  is  19.68  and  in  warp  it  once  a  day.  so  that  the  section  men 
is  23.15.  The  speed  of  the  front  roll  will  stay  on  the  job. 
is  110  revolutions  per  minute  and  Almost  every  spinner  knows  how 
the  filling  front  roll  is  115  R.  P.  M.  to   set   a   spindle,    and   knows   such 

I  have  mv  section  men  stay  on  things  as  setting  the  rollers  for  long 
their  jobs  looking  for  things  which  or  short  staple  cotton  We  all  know 
mav  need  attention,  such  as  rolls  that  if  a  frame  is  not  sel  right  we 
out,  bands  oflf,  broke  back  ends,  bad  cannot  get  production.  The  way  I 
work,  broken  spindles,  etc.  They  run  the  room  is  to  keep  ever^-thing 
see  that  the  sweepers  keep  the  running  and  m  shape.  On  Thurs- 
frames  clean  and  have  the  belts  on  day  night  I  can  stop  the  warp  T 
the  tight  pulleys.  I  do  not  stop  k^|P  S^i4\^Pnd  ^so'^afte?  ?he 
more  than  one  frame  at  a  time  for  .^iners  about  theirs  I  want  to 
doffing,  and  have  each  dolTer  do  his.  ''/J?^^!  /uS  mv  20  vear/exneri 
own  piecing.  I  haNe  the  heads  !^L  t  L.VJ\^.^n?L  fn^^nt. J  S 
clpinpd  twipp  a  dav  "Evprvhnriv  ^"ce  I  have  worked  for  some  over- 
works but  flther"  in  mv  sDinrdn^  «eers  who  did  not  know  much  about 
workb  put  latner     in  m>    spinning  ^^^.^^   .^^^^  ^^^  ^j^       ^^^^  ^j^^  ^^^^ 

room  and  he  walks  around  all  day  Getting  the  job  is  the  hardest  thing 
looking  for  something  to  kick  about,  ^bout  a  large  room.  I  want  to  say 
The  first  thing  I  do  when  I  come  that  if  a  spinner  keeps  his  eyes 
in  in  the  morning  is  to  take  off  my  open  and  not  look  so  much  at  the 
coat  and  go  around  and  say  good  twist  when  it  runs  badly,  that  hr 
morning  to  the  section  men.  I  ask  would  get  off  more  work.  When 
them  how  they  are  fixed  for  the  work  runs  badly  I  look  around  to 
day.  If  some  of  the  help  want  to  locate  the  trouble.  As  T  said  before. 
get  off  for  the  day,  I  see  that  the  if  a  spinner  will  size  two  or  three 
section  men  have  some  others  to  times  a  day,  he  can  run  standard 
take  their  places,  and  that  they  are  twist. 

capable  of  doing  the  work.  Then  Keep  the  temperature  of  the 
I  send  the  section  men  to  the  card  room  about  80  and  the  humidity 
room  to  get  a  size  and  put  it  in  so  about  70.  I  could  say  things  for  a 
we  can  see  what  we  are  doing.  T  week  which  might  do  good,  but  the 
size  twice  a  day  and  let  the  carder  only  thing  to  talk  to  the  carder 
know  at  once  whether  it  is  26's,  27's  about  is  good  even  roving,  and  the 
or  28's  fillings  or  23's,  24's  or  25's  way  to  tell  that  the  beams  weigh 
warps.  I  do  not  change  my  back  even  3  or  4  pounds  off. 
gear  any  more  since  I  have  started  i  think  a  warper  beam  should  not 
to  size  twice  a  day.  When  I  size  vary  more  than  4  pounds  on  24s 
once  a  week,  T  change  the  back  gear  ^.grp.  If  it  does,  vou  may  expect 
four  times  a  week.  I  have  my  rov-  your  work  to  run  iDadlv. 
\Z  .Tp?i  j^.rf  f  n''  '''^^^'  ^"l^  '  Almost  any  kind  of  a' spinner  can 
i?TnnH/mIn  Jhnnl'^^'^.^'^^l^-^-  r^^  24s.     but     Mr. 

Jinni  nf  1?^^  .nr.  ff^'  T"*!  ^"/^^  Spinner,  do  not  go  to  sleep  on  your 
Lnr.nH  w^.n  T  An.'!^  t^'l  ^^  ?"'  i^h  and  run  21s  22s,  23s,  24s  and 
hP  L.  H  Hnnp  T  h.l<?'''th  ^^V"-  25s  all  on  the  same  side  with  the 
?io.n!^    i^        %  /  ■  ^    *   T  u^""^   same  draft  gear  for  it  will  not  go. 

clearers  cleaned  twice  a  day.  I  have  i  have   tried   it  more  than   once! 

f^^.i^eP'o'- '""i  ''•'  fo^'^.r-  -^  '"'^  ^^r.  Young  Spinner,  unless  vou 
q  n.hocVlTn  "y^'  ^']'i^  TTk'^'  have  a  good  carder  you  cannot  stav 
tJ^^t7nllTJ-^.  ^?^  "%^^'  k''''^'"'-  on  the  job.  A  spinner  in  a  small  mill 
thS  Jnic  1-iTlf-^  H^  ^J^\  bark  as  ought  to  know  the  following  things: 
the  ends  will  stand  wi  hout  catching'  how  to  plumb  spindles,  how  to  make 
on  it.  I  have  a  five-blade  separator  a  frame  build  top  and  bottom,  what 
and  run  1-0  travelers  on  my  warp  traveler  to  use,  to  adjust  the  tra- 

44 


verse  so  that  just  as  it  goes  against  oiled  or  you  will  have  trouble.  See 
the  separator  it  will  not  push  th(i  that  the  lap  sticks  are  in  good 
rail  out  ul  shape,  how  to  keep  the  shape  in  every  way  and  that  the 
spooler  guides  close  so  that  they  cloth  is  on  them.  Attend  to  the 
will  keep  out  gouts  and  lumps,  how  top  clearers  il'  they  have  not  cloth 
to  keep  down  hard  waste,  to  keep  on  them  for  you  arc  not  a  good  spin- 
the  spooler  hands  from  cutting  oIT  ^^^^  jj  ^^^  ^^e  not  looking  after 
waste  at  all,  not  to  allow  dollers  to  .^  lastly,  see  that  the  card- 
run  over  their  work  when  a  spm-  ^^^^^  J""-  '-'^^^  j> 
Her  has  an  end  to  piece.  e^'  S'vcs  you  the  nglit  stuff,  not 
See  that  the  frames  are  properly  cut  and  uneven  roving. 

Number  Twenty-Four. 


By  A.  H.  BOUKNIGHT,  Newberry,  S.  G. 


How  to  obtain  quanity  and  qual-  in  my  experience,  has  run  success- 
ity  in  spinning  is  no  small  prob-  fully  and  given  satisfaction,  ihis 
lem,  but  there  is  a  way,  and  a  best  prompts  me  to  say  that  in  m\ 
way.    And  this  we  are  all  seeking,      judgment  the  best  thing  to  do  is  to 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  first  thing  lind  which  make  suits  your  rings 
worth  due  consideration  from  the  best,  use  it  and  no  other,  this  is 
overseer  is  the  weight  or  number  my  idea  from  experience.  As  to  tne 
of  the  roving.  I  only  mention  number  of  travelers,  there  can 
number,  because  at  this  writing  we  hardly  be  a  standard  set,  even  on 
are  going  to  treat  spinning,  hence  the  same  number  of  yarn,  lor  there 
we  must  suppose  the  roving  to  be  are  so  many  things  that  cause  va- 
all  right.  Without  good  roving  sue-  nations.  The  age  of  the  ring  ai- 
cessful  spinning  is  impossible.  Any-  fects  the  number  of  the  travelers 
way,  the  overseer  should  watch  to  be  used.  For  example:  l  see 
closely  the  number,  for  in  the  num-  good  results  from  No.  3  travelers 
bers  depend  largely  the  success  of  on  No.  17s  warp,  and  No.  3  travelers 
the  whole  room,  because  their  ef-  on  17  filling.  The  best  way  to  regu- 
fect  is  a  general  one.  Really,  T  late  the  number  of  the  travelers, 
do  not  know  of  any  one  hindrance  think,  is  to  put  on  a  number  Uiat 
that  can  do  so  much  damage  in  so  runs  best,  when  frames  are  lull  or 
short  a  time  as  the  number.  empty.    In  other  words,  we  want  a 

The  next  thing  worthy  of  atten-  traveler  that  will  not  balloon  and 
tion,  which  has  its  effect  on  the  break  down  when  your  warp  frame 
whole  room,  is  the  humidity.  There  is  full,  and  one  that  will  not  cause 
can  hardly  be  set  a  standard  of  a  too  much  friction  and  break  when 
degree  of  humidity  for  all  rooms,  the  bobbins  are  empty, 
for  different  conditions  and  num-  Oiling  is  also  a  thing  for  much 
bers  of  yarn  require  different  de-  consideration.  In  oiling  there  are 
grees  of  humidity.  I  find  that  50  three  ways  of  making  mistakes, 
or  60  degrees  is  all  that  is  neces-  First  too  much  oil;  next,  too  lit- 
sary,  and  too  much  is  sure  to  cause  tie,  and  third,  putting  it  in  at  the 
trouble,   as  well  as  too   little.  wrong  place,     and     this    especially 

Another  great  factor  in  spinning  counts  for  much  on  the  roller. 'The 
is  the  temperature.  This  not  only  rollers  should  be  kept  oiled  just 
effects  the  work  in  the  room,  but  often  enough  to  keep  them  slightly 
also  has  its  effect  on  the  help,  moist  with  oil  and  still  not  enough 
Therefore,  it  is  necessary  that  the  to  rub  off  of  the  steel  rolls,  nor 
temperature  be  kept  at  a  normal  enough  to  get  on  the  leather  of  the 
degree,  and  good  judgment  or  to  leather  rolls.  The  latter  has  a 
show  when  a  room  is  too  hot  or  great  deal  to  do  with  getting  black 
cold.  oil  on  the  yarn.    On  the  other  hand. 

As  for  drafts,  my  experience  has  if  the  rolls  get  too  dry  they  will 
been  that  good  results  can  be  got-  sometimes  run  irregularly  and 
ten  with  from  6  to  8  draft  on  sin-  make  knotty,  kinky  yarn.  The  oth- 
gle  creel  roving.  er   parts   of   the   frames   should   be 

The  next  essential  to  good  spin-  oiled  carefully,  for  good  oiling  not 
ning  is  the  right  kind  and  number  only  helps  in  quanity  and  quality, 
of  traveler  to  be  used.  One  thing  but  also  helps  much  in  supplies  be- 
that  I  have  found  is  that  only  ono  ing  decreased.  The  oiling  of  the 
make  of  traveler  for  the  same  ring,  spindles  is  a  very  important  point 

45 


and   should     be     carefully     looked      The  next  feature  is  the  backbone 
after.  of  all.    We  have  discussed  what  we 

Now  for  the  bands  and  band  boys,  must  do,  now  we  come  face  to  face 
Are  they  worth  consideration?  I  with  the  people  the  work  has  to  be 
say  "yes,  indeed,"  for  these  two  done  by.  The  question  in  brief  is, 
have  something  to  do  with  every  how  is  the  best  way  to  manage 
bobbin  of  yarn  spun.  Therefore  it  First,  the  overseer  should  be  an 
is  necessary  that  the  bands  be  made  upright,  sober  man,  with  good  judg- 
of  the  best  material,  twisted  and  ment  and  business  principles,  and 
made  right  and  then  tied  on  to  of  an  appreciative  nature,  aad  the 
make  good  yarn,  not  soft.  The  size  second  hand  should  be  the  same 
of  the  band  ought  to  be  well  con-  kind  of  a  man.  The  section  men 
sidered   too,   to   suit   the   whorl.  should  be,  first  of  all,   attentive  to 

Next  I  will  mention  the  overhaul-  their  work  and  say  what  they  mean, 
ing  and  plumbing  of  the  spindles,  mean  what  they  say,  with  due  re- 
This  ought  to  be  done  once  or  twice  spect  for  the  help.  A  great  deal 
a  year.  The  steel  rolls  ought  to  be  depends  on  the  section  men.  espe- 
kept  in  good  shape  and  cleaned  cially  where  most  of  the  help  are 
twice  a  year  or  more,  and  the  children.  Another  disadvantage  in 
frames  lined  and  leveled.  this  room  is  that  there  is  no  way 

Cleanliness  is  essential  to  good  except  by  watching,  of  detecting 
work,  that  we  know  is  true.  Begin  what  spmner  or  doffer  does  a  had 
with  the  floor.  I  believe  that  a  Piece  of  work.  In  the  face  of  this 
good  clean  fioor  is  the  best  induce-  fact  there  are  only  two  methods  by 
ment  to  the  help  to  keep  the  ma-  which  the  help  can  successfully 
chines  clean.  If  the  frames  are  kept  be  deallh  with.  One  is  by  enforc- 
clean,  the  lumps  and  gouts  will  be  m?  strict  discipline,  and  close 
lessened  considerablv,  for  a  large  watching.  The  better  way.  is  to  deal 
per  cent  of  lumps  and  gouts  come  with  them  with  love,  kindness  and 
from  dirty  machinerv.  discipline,  so  that  they  will  rpsppct 

The   belts    also    require    attention   themselves,    the   overseer   and    see- 
in    order    to    help     in     production,  ^lo"  TM°°  "'♦T^  ^°/°,^^-' "^'^^ '^'"l" 
They    should    be    cleaned    regularly  fimental    to    either   of   them    or    to 
and  taken  up  if  found  to  be  slack,     the   company.     Tf   a   spirit   of   this 
P,  .       .    •  XI         ■  X     kind  can  be  created  among  the  ma- 

Proper  twist  is  another  import-  ^0^^^  ^f  ^hp  help,  a  victnrv  will 
ant  means  of  pbtainmg  good  run-  jja^.g  j^p^^  ^.^^  Tt  i^  absolntelv 
ning  wor-k.  It  is  especially  import-  impossible  for  all  of  the  help  to  be 
ant  to  have  plenty  of  twist  for  good  watched  at  the  same  time.  Tn  deal- 
warps,  and  in  getting  prduction.  j^g  with  help,  the  most  critic  1  pfirt 
Next  I  will  mention  the  most  im-  of  the  day  is  in  placing  them, 
portant  work  in  connection  with  Every  emplovee  ought  to  do  his 
spinning.  This  is  do/Ting.  It  might  own  work  and  do  all  of  it  too.  Phow 
be  properly  called  the  governor  of  the  help  that  their  job.  be  it  ever 
production,  because  if  all  the  other  go  humble,  carries  witn  't  respon- 
necessary  things  mentioned  are  hur-  sihilities.  and  that  vou  ar^  trusting 
riedly  done,  and  the  dofTmg  half  them  with  that  responsibilitv. 
done  the  production  will  not  be  y^  conclusion  T  will  sav  that  the 
what.it  should  but  will  vary  much  spooling  and  warping  ought  to  be 
with  the  variation  in  speed  and  th,^  attenfivelv  seen  after,  or  good  varn 
perfection  in  doffing.  Not  only  does  fp^m  the  "spinning  frames  can  ensi- 
doffing  affect  the  production,  but  i^.  j^e  botched  up  with  knots  and 
the  qua  ity  of  the  work  is  affected  ^j^ks  on  these  machines.  My  last 
in  that  the  ends  are  verv  often  left      _,   •       x     xi.  j  j 

down,  thus  leaving  the  spinner  with  ^^vice  to  the  overseer  and  second 
torn  up  sides  and  lapping  ends  also,  hand  is  to  keep  wide  awake  if  you 
both  of  which  are  calculated  to  do  are  seeking  success  in  spinning.  Tf 
harm  Let  us  remember  that  doff-  either  become  drowsv.  vour  section 
mg    time    is   a    strenuous    time    for  .,,        ,      ^    n   '<•  ."u    u  ^         n 

the  spinner  at  best.  My  advice  is  ^^^  ^'^^'  nod  and  all  of  the  help  will 
to  have  the  head  doffer  or  section  go  to  sleep,  and  results  will  be 
hand  to  put  about  100  per  cent  of  naught,  even  if  evervthink  else  is 
his  time  with  the  doffers  and  end  ^ll  right.  Pushing  the  help,  to?eth- 
piecers  and  never  let  more  than  one  ...    ,         ,    ,'      i.  xv,  u- 

or  two  frames  be  stopped  at  a  ^^  ^'^^  knowledge  of  the  machm- 
time.  .All  bobbins  snould  be  kepr  ery,  is  indispensable  to  successful 
off  of  the  floor.  and  efficient  spinning. 

46 


Number  Twenty-Five. 

By  L.  T.  HOUGHTON,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Practical  and  efficient  spinning  problem  the  solution  of  which  will 
consists  in  obtaining  the  best  pos-  pay  good  dividends.  No  one  appears 
sibie  results  with  the  equipment  af  to  know  what  the  weight  on  the  top 
hand,  wliiio  the  least  waste  in  power  rolls  should  be.  Even  the  makers 
and  material,  and  also  least  possible  of  the  frames  do  not  agree,  one 
waste  in  labor,  and  the  fewest  pos-  make  frame  puts  double  the  weigh! 
sible  idle  spindles.  There  are  few  if  on  the  rolls  for  spinning  the  same 
any  mills  in  this  country  where  the  yarn  as  his  competitor.  Investiga- 
spindles  are  not  needlessly  idle  tion  will  show  different  makes  of 
while  dofling,  long  enough  to  pay  frames  working  side  by  side  on  the 
the  expense  of  doffing..  The  usual  same  identical  roving,  one  frame  us- 
timo  for  dofling  will  average  from  ing  double  the  weight  on  the  top 
three  to  ten  minutes,  when  the  work  rolls  as  the  other.  For  practical 
if  properly  handled,  could  be  done  elTiciency  in  the  spinning  room,  eli- 
in  less  than  one  minute.  Concen-  minate  useless  weight  on  the  top 
tration    is    the   secret;   with    twelve   rolls. 

"Doller  Bovs"  on  one  frame,  there  Broken  ends  is  another  matter  fo) 
is  onlv  one-third  the  idle  spindles  the  serious  consideration  of  the 
there  would  be,  if  the  "Doffer  Bovs"  practical  spinner,  and  everything 
were  divided  up  on  three  frames  possible  should  be  done,  to  keej 
The  labor  cost  would  be  the  same  in  them  down  to  the  minimum.  Every 
both  cases.  The  power  cost,  is  near-  known  cause  of  broken  ends  should 
ly  the  same  for  an  idle  spindle,  as  be  eliminated.  Thread  guides  are 
for  one  at  work.  The  "process  o1  a  prolific  cause  of  broken  ends:  the 
"Dofling"  should  receive  the  care-  guide  should  deliver  the  thread  with 
ful  consideration  of  the  spinner.        the    least    possible    resistance:    and 

The  waste  of  power  is  another  cut  or  grooved  guides  should  not 
matter  of  considerable  importance  be  tolerated.  The  guide  should  b( 
Every  bearing  should  be  properb  exactly  centered  over  the  spindle 
oiled,  especially  the  top  rolls.  How  Some  spinners  may  think,  that  sr 
many  top  rolls  are  there  in  use  that  little  as  one-sixteimth  of  an  inch 
will  not  show  erosion  where  the  sad-  either  way  from  the  center  will  not 
dies  bear  on  them?  There  is  a  make  much  difference  with  broker 
grnwin?  feeling  among  spinners  that  ends.  Yet  actual,  reliable  tests 
top  rolls  carry  too  much  weight  have  shown  that  it  does, 
especially  the  front  roll.  That  now  These  points  of  loss  and  waste  an 
carries  nearlv  all  the  weight  applied  of  great  importance.  Yet  get  very 
to  the  saddle.  What  is  the  best  little  consideration  from  the  average 
weiffht  for  top  rolls?    Who  knows'^   overseer;  (whose  "Old  Bess."  was  r 

One  manufacturer  of  frames,  uses  cyclopedia  of  spinning  knowledge) 
about  one-half  the  weight  on  top  and  who  is  apparently,  unable  tr 
rolls  that  is  used  bv  his  competi-  ^^t  out  of  the  "old  ruts."  or  profit 
tor:  and  both  build  the  frame  foi  by  the  experience  of  nther«  n<por.. 
spinning  the  same  number  of  varn  ''i"y  if  the  others  are  technionlh 
Which  is  right?  If  the  lightest  educated.  Hnw  many  overseers  o^ 
weifflUed  frame  does  equallv  as  good  spinning,  with  the  spindio  speed 
work,  it  is  surelv  not  practical  nor  number  of  yarn,  and  diamefor  of 
efficient  to  use  the  heavier  weight    front  roll  eriven:  can  fltmre  out  fhf 

The  extensive  use  of  direct  weight   speed  required  for  the  front  roll,  to 
on   the   top   rolls  without  a   saddle    ^'^'  *^^  ^'^'"'^^^  *^'^J"  '''"  u" 

clearlv  shows  that  the  front  roll  is  r^^.'^'\^  oversper  should  know  hif 
needlesslv.  and  excessivelv  weight-  f"'"?'""  T^^'^m  ^"^j''^''  *^^  ""^r^  C 
ed.  How  manv  spinners  are  there  !^^  front^  rolls:  and  be  surp  that  hr 
who  know  how  much  of  the  powei  1?,"''^  puttine  unnecPssarv  twi«t  into 
to  drive  the  frame,  is  consumed  bv  the  varn.  TTnneeessary  twist  is  ex- 
the  weiffht  on  the  top  rolls?  The  P^^f  ve  and  wasteful, 
textbooks  give  no  information.  How  .  The  writer  knows  of  an  instance 
manv  of  the  textile  schools  have  '"  «"  up-to-date  mill,  where  they 
even  investigated  this  matter  n^  Y('r(^J^V^r^u\n(!.n^  trywg  \n^wn  No 
...  .  ,,  o     TT  i-iii     'i  1-2  varn.   without  anv  chanpe   in 

weight  on   top     rolls?     How     little   .p^^,.,   ^f  f,^^,   j,„„    ^^-  f^^,^^^   ,^^^ 

weight   may   be   used   on   the   rolls    had  been  spinning-  No.  28  varn.  and 
and  make  equally  as  good  yarn,  is  .'  lack  of  weight  on  the  top  rolls,  was 

47 


giveu  the  superiuteuUeuL  as  a  rea-  considerable  moment,  and  there  art' 
son  for  too  much  twist  in  tlie  yarn  now  eincient  means  available  for 
Another  instance, — the  snarl  catcher  their  control.  No  spinning  room 
of  the  thread  guide  was  blamed  for  should  be  without  a  means  for  con- 
slack  twist,  and  in  both  instances  trolling  humidity,  and  temperature 
the  overseer's  reasons  were  accept-  Defective  roll  covering  should  not 
ed  by  the  superintendent,  as  all  be  tolerated.  To  spin  with  slack 
right.  Such  cases  as  the  abovi  bands  is  folly.  A  superintendent 
cause  one  to  think  that  for  prac-  of  a  mill  told  the  writer  that  he  had 
tical  and  efficient  management  of  h  "increased  his  output"  of  yarn  20  per 
spinning  room,  the  lirst  requisite  cent  by  frequent  renewal  of  his 
was  brains.  It  is  not  practical,  nor  spindle  bands.  Even  yarn  is  the 
efficient,  to  use  obsolete  and  worn-  aim  of  all  spinners  and  one  primt 
out  machinery,  neither  is  it  profit-  requisite  for  even  yarn  is  a  steady 
able  to  employ  help  that  think  uniform  delivery  of  roving  by  the 
weight  on  top  rolls  has  anything  to  top  rolls.  To  obtain  this  provide  j- 
do  with  the  twist  in  yarn.  steady,  uniform  weight  on  the  rolls 
Another  requisite  for  efficiency  i.^  when  the  back  rolls  "jump"  do  nol 
cleanlmess.  How,  or  when  cleaned  p^^p.*  ig  „et  even  varn  A  mean' 
is  of  no  particular  moment,  it  if  expect  to  gei  even  yarn,  a  mean, 
enough  if  clean  and  kept  clean  to  prevent  top  rolls  from  jumpmg 
Temperature  and   humidity   are   o1  will  be  a  blessing  to  the  spinner. 

Number  Twenty-Six. 


By  P.  P.  JONES,  Rosemary,  N.  C. 


There  have  been  volumes  written  Have  the  spinners  keep  all  the 
on  spinning,  but  there  is  much  to  be  good  cotton  and  bobbins  off  of  the 
said  yet.  There  is  something  for  lloor.  Pick  the  rollers  each  day.  Do 
the  wide-awake  overseer  to  learn  not  do  all  the  cleaning  one  day  for 
every  day.  Go  to  your  work  deter-  the  whole  week.  If  this  is  done, 
mined  to  learn  something  during  more  spinners  will  stay  out  on  that 
the  day  and  you  will  usually  be  day  than  any  other.  Have  some 
successful.  Know  your  work,  and  cleaning  done  each  day,  then  the 
know  that  you  know  it,  but  be  open  room  will  look  better  and  the  help 
to  conviction.  Remember,  no  man  will  do  better  work.  Have  the 
has  all  of  the  best  ideas  cornered,  sweepers  and  oilers  to  do  their  work 
Some  section  man  may  have  an  idea  well,  especially  the  oilers.  Clean 
about  a  certain  point  that  Is  better  machinery,  well  oiled,  does  not  give 
than  yours.    Use  tact  and  get  him  much  trouble. 

to  tell  it  to  you  and  then  give  him  Work  in  harmony  with  every  one 
credit  for  it.  The  overseer  should  in  the  mill.  If  you  want  to  see 
have  the  co-operation  of  all  his  some  broad  smiles  around  the  of- 
help.  That  is  easy  if  he  has  the  fices  on  dividend  day,  select  a  mill 
respect  of  all  of  them.  His  char-  which  has  no  friction  between  the 
acter  must  be  above  reproach  if  he  men.  Look  carefully  after  the  lit- 
expects  to  have  the  respect  of  many  tie  things  all  the  time,  and  then  you 
of  his  people.  Do  not  curse,  drink  will  not  have  many  big  things  to 
or    gamble    anywhere.     If    you    do  contend  with. 

your  help  will  find  it  out.  Give  your  Select  the  traveler  best  suited  to 
second  hand  authority  to  have  the  your  work.  Do  nol  get  married  to 
work  done,  but  see  that  he  does  it  one  special  kind  of  traveler.  Dis- 
in  a  firm,  kind  way.  Kindness  and  cuss  the  work  with  the  superm- 
firmness  are  the  things  wliich  get  tendent.  but  do  not  bother  him  with 
the  help  to  do  the  best  work.  Have  all  of  vour  little  troubles.  Study 
the  doflfers  to  do  a  quick  clean  job.  the  conditions  you  are  working  un- 
Show  them  how  to  doff  without  jer,  as  thev  are  not  the  same  in  any 
breaking  down  many  ends,  but  see  two  mills.  Locate  and  stop  trouble 
that  they  piece  up  all  they  do  break  where  it  starts.  Do  not  depend  up- 
down.  Then  the  spinners  will  not  on  books  to  tell  you  what  to  do. 
get  the  work  mussed  up  so  badly.  Meet  troubles  as  tliey  come  up  with 
Do  not  drive  the  doffers,  but  ex-  the  best  remedies  at  hand,  and  car- 
plain  to  them  that  the  sooner  they  j.y  a  level  head  at  all  times.  Rainy. 
get  around,  the  more  rest  Ihey  will  bad  weather  is  the  time  to  screw 
get  yourself   up   to   the   highest   degree 

■48 


of  efliciency.  The  work  runs  badly  up  to  the  overseer  to  keep  the  push 
and  tlio  help  are  naturally  not  as  in  everybody  and  keep  things  go- 
efficient  as  in  clear  weather.    It  ising  properly. 


Number  Twenty-Seven. 


By  J.  V.  McCOMBS,  Greenville,  S.  C. 


I   wish    to   say   in   the   beginning  Now,  a  real  spinner's  duties  are 

that  knowing  how  to  run  a  spin-  to  figure  out  his  ciiangcs,  dralLs  and 
ning  room  and  running  one  are  two  twists;   give   the   buyer   the   proper 

dirt'erent     propositions.     We     must  twist  per  inch  for  the  goods  to  be 

admit  that  the  man  who  knows  hh  made  from  the  yarn,  and  give   the 

business,    in    any    class     of     work,  greatest    strength    possible    to     the 

meets  with  the  least  difficulty.  Af-  yarn;  see  that  the  number  runs  as 

ter  a  man  has  had  the  practical  and  close  as  he  can  change  to  it;   free 

theoretical    training   for   running   a  it     from     thick     and     thin     places, 

room    there   are    other     things     to  bunches,    black    oil    and    doublings: 

combat.    One  of  the  most  important  and  at  last  take  it  from  the  carder 

of   these    is   obtaining   good    opera-  as  he  gets  it,  make  a  perfect  yarn 

tives  and  being     able     to     manage  and  keep  his  mouth  shut  or  get  in 

them  to  get  the  best  results.    How  trouble. 

can  he  master  this  first  proposi-  Make  your  sizing  each  day  from 
tion?  Only  by  having  the  full  co-  stock  and  samples.  Keep  the  men 
operation  of  the  men  over  him  and  under  vou  on  their  jobs  and  do  not 
the  men  under  him,  and  being  a  allow  them  to  curse  and  swear  at 
man  himself,  both  in  and  out  of  the  the  help,  as  this  does  not  get  re- 
mill.  He  must  have  the  proper  au-  suits  or  gain  respect.  See  that  the 
thority  to  run  his  room,  for  it  is  a  help  stay  at  their  work  and  obey 
well  known  fact  that  no  one  else  orders.  Have  a  proper  day  for 
can  run  it  for  him.  Living  condi-  cleaning  all  parts  and  roll  stands, 
tions  must  be  such  as  to  attract  roving,  gearing,  shafting,  lights 
good  operatives.  It  is  also  neces-  ceiling  and  any  other  cleaning  nec- 
sary  to  use  sufficient  stock  to  get  essary  to  keep  the  room  in  proper 
the  counts  being  spun.  No  man  shape.  Look  after  the  oiling,  espe- 
can  successfully  spin  45s  to  50s  ciallv  spindles.  See  that  all  waste 
counts  from  3-4  to  7-8  inch  stock,  has  been  removed  each  night  to  its 
Some  spinners  will  say  that  they  proper  place.  Keep  all  bobbins  in 
are  doing  it.  Yes,  "everybody's  do-  the  right  place.  It  is  better  to  let 
ing  it,"  as  the  song  says,  with  a  the  stock  on  top  of  frames  run  off 
front  roll  speed  of  85  to  90  and  a  about  once  a  week  to  keep  it  fresh, 
production  of  about  75  per  cent..  Keep  your  frames  lined  and  level- 
with  a  percentage  of  waste  that  ed.  spindles  plumbed,  guides  set, 
makes  the  operation  as  costly  as  roving  traverses  and  lifting  rods 
1  1-16  inch  stock,  to  say  nothing  of  working  freelv  and  see  that  all  bob- 
production  and  the  dissatisfaction  ^ins  have  ttie  proper  stroke  and 
the  spinner  gets  out  of  fighting  8  taper.  Do  not  go  all  over  your 
sides  from  morning  until  night.  The  room  nagging  everybody,  for  they 
stock  must  be  sufficient  to  begin  ^ill  soon  get  used  to  it  and  had 
with.  The  carding  must  be  more'  rather  take  the  nagging  than  to  do 
than  run  through  and  wound  on  a  ttie  work.  Do  not  have  fits  and 
bobbin.  The  drafts  must  be  prop-  spasms  if  the  suporintendent  comes 
erly  regulated  and  the  spindle  into  your  room.  He  is  only  a  man 
speed  must  be  in  the  bounds  of  ^nd  can  find  plentv  to  tell  you  about 
reason,  especially  on  hosiery  and  without  vou  lettiner  him  know  how 
mercerizing  yarns.  many  fights  von  have  had  and  hnw 

I  can  write  enough  on  the  defects  the   old   lady   had   come   down   and 

in  spinning  to  fill  up  every  textile  p,]t  her  notice  in.    The  chnnres  are 

periodical    in    Charlotte.     However,  fhat  she  saw  him  before  you  did— 

if  the  few  points  I  have  mentioned  that  is  g'enerallv  the  wav  the^o  davs 

are  attended  to,  you  can  see  a  big  Keep  your  troubles  to  vourself. 

ehange.     Sometimes  I     have    won-  ^q^  j^st  a  word  about  those  lit- 

dered  whether  we    were     spinning  ,.     „. „     .  „,„„,  „,k.-^k  „ ^r.oii, 

or  butchering  staple.     This     thing  ^'^  P'^ces  of  steel  which  generally 

•ailed  spinning  is  a  serious  thing  if  travel  from  35  to  60  miles  per  hour 

you  examine  it  under  a  microscope  All  makes  of  travelers  will  answer 

49 


the  purpose,  if  you  are  right  on  your  Mo.  1  flange  rings  thaa 
shape,  style  and  weight.  But  you  those  you  use  on  the  No.  2.  Then 
cannot   run   an    18/U   on    4Us    lilluig  ,.  centrilucal 

witli  a  1  3-8  rnig.  Better  come  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  '"  ''"°''®  ceniriiugai 
dow-i  to  a  13/U  or  14/0.  Vou  can  spindles  you  migtit  get  out  a  toolM 
probably  stand    a  heavier    travelei   of  twist. 


Number  TwenlyEight. 


By  A.  C.  ATKINSON,  Clayton,  N.  C. 

This  subject  is  the  spinning  room,  and  a  little  belt  dressing  applied, 
so  we  must  consider  that  we  have  Oilers  should  be  very  careful  wher 
good  roving,  and  then  go  ahead.  An  oiling  spindles  not  to  put  on  too 
overseer  should  have  a  good  under-  much  oil  so  that  it  will  get  on  Ihe 
standing  of  each  machine,  as  the  bands,  as  this  will  throw  oil  on  tlie 
success  of  any  mill  depends  upon  rings  and  cause  a  lot  of  trouble, 
the  kind  of  work  which  comes  from  Bands  should  be  put  on  with  af 
the-  spinning  room.  The  spinner  near  the  same  tension  as  possible, 
must  turn  off  production  in  quan-  I  prefer  a  roving  band  for  the  rea- 
lity and  quality.  Some  spinners  son  that  the  strands  do  not  break 
think  if  they  can  keep  their  room  and  weaken  the  band,  which  would 
ahead  it  is  all  right,  but  this  is  not  cause  slack  yarn,  which  will  have 
the  idea.  You  must  work  for  the  to  be  cut  off  as  waste.  Care  should 
quality  and  quantity,  for  bear  in  be  taken  not  to  get  oil  on  the  cots  of 
mind,  the  weaver  is  expected  to  the  rollers,  as  this  will  cause  the  cots 
make  good  cloth  and  he  cannot  do  to  get  loose  and  the  ends  brf^ak 
it  unless  the  spinner  gives  him  good  down.  Thev  will  wind  around  the 
warps  and  filling.     .  top   roller   rather   than     the     clear 

Broke  back  ends  are  a  great  loss  roller,  so  when  putting  in  new  rnll- 
to  the  spinning  rooms  and  the  ers,  do  not  put  them  in  to  run 
overseer  should  see  that  section  against  the  lap. 
hands  keep  all  ends  in  good  shape,  Roving  guides  are  verv  important 
and  then  make  all  the  spinners  keep  and  special  care  should  be  taken 
all  ends  going.  An  overseer  should  when  they  are  being  set  to  linve 
go  over  his  room  twice  a  day  and  just  as  long  a  stroke  as  possible 
see  that  all  broke  back  ends  are  without  allowing  them  to  run  out  at 
kept  going.  The  bander  should  be  either  end  of  the  boss  of  the  roller 
required  to  keep  hands  on  at  all  The  traverse  motion  of  the  roving 
times.  guides    should    not    have    any    lost 

The  overseer  should  see  that  his  motion  as  it  is  necessary  for  the 
room  is  kept  as  clean  as  possible,  guides  to  change  without  standing 
as  nothing  tends  to  make  a  spin-  on  either  change  of  the  roving,  if 
ning  room  belter  than  clean  sides;  the  guides  stand  too  long  at  the 
rollers  picked  every  morning;  rov-  change,  the  roving  will  remain  up- 
ing  creels  cleaned  once  a  day:  on  one  spot  too  long  and  will  wear 
clearer  rollers  cleaned  every  doff;  a  groove  in  the  cot  on  the  top  roll- 
slates  picked  three  times  each  day:  er.  This  will  cause  lumps  in  the 
roving  brushed  off  six  times  per  yarn,  shorten  the  life  of  the  toj 
day;  and  by  all  means,  don't  let  roller  and  increase  the  cost  of 
spinners  blow  or  fan  out  the  guides  roller  covering. 
or  card  strippings,  but  take  brushes  There  are  some  little  thiners  in 
and  run  them  out.  If  you  allow  the  spinning  room  which  should 
them  to  be  fanned  or  blown  out  be  mentioned.  One  of  these  is  kepp- 
it  will  cause  gouts  and  lumps  on  the  ing  the  thread  off  of  the 
yarn.  It  should  be  the  aim  of  the  spindle.  If  the  thread  get  o« 
overseer  to  make  the  host  work  the  spindles  very  much,  the  bobbin 
possible.  Spinners  should  be  ex-  will  not  go  down  far  enough  an. 
pected  to  keep  all  white  cotton  off  will  tangle  the  yarn  at  the  bottom, 
the  floor;  belts  should  be  kept  or  Doffers  should  be  careful  in  piecing 
the  tight  pulleys,  for  if  you  do  not  up  ends  after  the  frame  is  doffod  on 
your  spinners  will  slip  belts  tialf  filling  and  to  keep  the  yarn  down 
off  the  tight  pulley,  and  therpby  on  the  ring.  If  the  yarn  is  run  up 
decrease  the  speed  of  the  frame  on  the  barrel  of  the  bobbin,  it  will 
causing  loss  of  production.  Bolts  cause  the  filling  to  break  before  the 
should  be  carded  every  other  day  yarn  all  gets  off  of  the  bobbin.  Ar- 

50 


range  the  doffers  so  they  will  doEf  constant  divided  by  the  change  gear 
only  one  side  ol  a  spinner's  work  at  equals  the  draft.  To  find  what 
a  tune.  To  do  this,  doll'  every  other  change  draft  gear  will  be  required 
frame  across  your  section.  As  to  when  changing  from  one  yarn  to 
travelers,  the  overseer  should  be  his  another  without  changing  the  rov- 
own  judge,  and  use  the  kind  which  ing:  Multiply  the  number  of  teeth 
gives  him  best  results.  In  runnin!  in  the  change  draft  gear  in  use  by 
double  roving,  you  should  have  the  number  of  yarn  spun.  Then  di- 
your  traveler  heavy  enough,  so  thai  vide  the  product  by  the  number  of 
if  one  strand  of  roving  breaks  back  yarn  desired  and  this  will  give  the 
your  end  will  break  down  at  once  required  change  draft  gear. 
If  this  is  not  done,  you  will  be  Example:  What  change  draft 
troubled  with  singling.  The  tra-  gear  will  be  required  to  change 
verse  should  be  given  very  closr  from  20s  yarn  to  14s  yarn  ,  using 
attention.  All  traverse  gears  should  yarn  spun  from  3.40  hank  roving 
be  set  so  as  not  to  show  any  lost  and  a  42  tooth  change  gear? 
fnotion.  The  cam  is  a  very  impor-  42X20=840.  840^14=60  teeth,  the 
tant  part  of  the  traverse,  as  it  required  draft  gear, 
controls  the  changing  of  the  build-  .To  find  what  change  draft  geai 
er  motion.  If  the  cam  has  any  losi  will  be  required  to  change  from 
motion  at  all  it  will  cause  the  yarr  one  number  of  yarn  to  another.  th( 
to  pile  up  on  each  end  of  the  bob-  draft  and  roving  both  being  rhang- 
bin.  This  in  turn  will  cause  a  great  ed.  Rule:  Multiply  the  number  ol 
deal  of  tangled  yarn,  which  ofter  yarn  being  spun  by  the  new  hank 
becomes  unnecessary  waste.  There  roving  and  this  product  by  the  num- 
are  several  things  about  a  tra-  ber  of  teeth  in  the  change  draft 
verse  which  will  cause  the  yarn  tc  gear  being  used.  Divide  this  pro- 
tangle  on  the  bobbin.  If  the  coun-  duct  by  the  number  of  yarn  desir- 
ter  weights  are  allowed  to  go  far  ed.  multiplied  by  the-  hank  roving 
enough  to  rest  on  the  fioor  the  being  used.  The  quotient  is  thf 
ftn\<M>ie  rail  will  stand  at  the  top.  change  draft  gear  required, 
change  too  long  and  will  cause  the  Example:  What  change  draft 
yarn  to  tangle  at  this  point.  Some  gear  will  be  required  to  change 
times  the  counter  weights  are  set  frnm  t4s  yarn,  spun  from  2.40  hank 
too  far  out  on  the  counter  lever,  roving,  using  a  42  tooth  change 
with  the  result  that  too  much  weight  draft  gear,  to  20s  yarn,  spun  from 
is  out  on  the  traverse.  This  wiT  3.40  hank  roving? 
make  the  traverse  hard  to  star'  14x3.40X42=1000.20. 
back  from  the  top  change  and  in  20X2.40=49.  and  48X1999.20-^48= 
many  cases  it  will  cause  the  tra-  41.65  teeth,  the  change  draft  gear 
verse  chain,  which  connects  the  To  find  the  twist  per  inch:  Thr 
builder  to  the  counter  weights  to  product  of  the  front  roller  gear  and 
break.  The  next  evil  about  the  tra-  the  ratio  of  the  spindle  to  the  cylin- 
verse  is  the  lifter  rod.  Anythin;  (jen.  divided  by  the  product  of  thr 
which  causes  friction  on  the  top  cylinder  gear  and  the  circumfer- 
roll  will  ransie  the  yarn.  The  q-^(.q  jn  inches  of  the  front  rollei 
efrnke  of  the  warp  motion  traverse  equals  the  twist  per  inch, 
should  not  go  higner  than  with  one-  Example:  The  twist  gear  per 
half  inch  of  tne  top  or  within  th(  jj^p,^  ^^.j^,^  the  following:  108  tooth 
tame  distance  of  the  bottom.  f^^j^l^  roHeP  g^^^,.  gO  tooth  stud 
Rules  for  the  Spinner.  gear:  ratio  of  7-8-inch  whirl  to  7-in. 
7.000  grains  is  one  pound.  84C  cylinder  is  7.2.5;  20  tooth  cylinder 
yards  is  one  hank.  The  number  ol  gear,  1  in.X3.1416,  the  circumfer- 
yarn  is  the  number  of  hanks  in  ence  of  the  front  roller. 
one  pound.  The  hank  roving,  di-  108X80X7.25=62.040. 
Tidpd  bv  the  doubling  and  multi-  20X1X3.1416=62.83 
plied  by  the  draft  gives  the  numhei  62,640^62.83=996.90  twist  constant, 
of  yarn.  Allow  from  two  to  five  pei  xo  find  what  change  twist  gear 
cent  for  contraction  in  the  twist.  To  will  be  required  when  changing 
find  the  draft  on  spinning  frames  from  one  number  of  yarn  to  an- 
rhe  product  of  the  hack  roller  gear  ofiipr:  Rule:  Square  the  number 
the  crown  gear,  and  the  diametei  of  teeth  in  the  twist  gear  being  used 
of  the  front  rollers  divided  hv  thr  and  multiply  by  the  number  of  yarn 
product  of  the  front  roller  penr  and  being  spun.  Divide  this  product  by 
the  diameter  of  the  back  roller  sea  the  number  of  yarn  desired.  The 
•Quals    the    draft   constant.     Draft  square  root  of  the  quotient  will  be 

51 


tho  mimbpr  of  teeth  in  the  change  change  twist  gear  required. 

genr  roquired.  To    find    the    standard    twist     of 

Example:     What     change     twist  frame  varn.     Rnle:  Multiply  bv  thr 
gear  will  be  required     to     change  square >oot  of  the  number  of  varn. 
from    20s   warp    yarn    to    16s    warp  using  4.75   for  warp   varn.  3.50   for 
yarn   on   20s   now  using     46     tooth   filling,  and  3.00  for  hosiery  yarn. 
''^'("v'rSm  ^®^''-  Example:  What  is  the     standard 

21 1(1  X 20= '(^390  ^^^^^  P^""  ^"^^  °^  ^^^  ^'^-^P  yarn? 

42.3204^10=2  6~'i5.  4X1.5=10.00=Twist  per  inch. 

Square  root  of  2,645=51.33     tooth       Square  root  of  16=4. 


Number  Twenty-Nine. 


By  H.  B.  McABEE,  Laurinburg,  N.  C. 


TO  run  a  spinning  room  sue-  does  not  come  up  to  the  production 
cessfully,  the  spinner  must  of  the  man  who  is  running  a  little 
make  friends  with  the  under  the  table  speed  to  suit  the 
carder,  and  between  them  condition  he  has  to  meet, 
get  the  best  roving  possible.  No  Some  spinners  have  a  great  many 
spinner  can  run  his  room  success-  ideas  about  the  weight  of  travelers, 
fully    without    good     roving.      The  Travelers. 

dm  ft  should  be  as  short  as  will  ^y  jfjga  is  to  work  out  the  traveler 
allow  good  running  work.  The  which  will  run  best  on  the  work 
twist  should  be  in  accord  with  the  yg^  ^re  running.  All  machinery, 
grade  of  stock  being  used.  This  {^e  floor,  and  everything  about  the 
thing  of  a  "standard  twist"  will  j-q^^  should  be  kept  clean  and 
make  waste  and  not  yarn.  Spin-  bright.  The  oiling  should  be  done 
dies,  rings  and  thread  should  be  set  regularly  with  the  best  oil  you  can 
rierht  at  all  times,  and  frames  kept  lf■^^y^ 
linod  and  leveled.  '  Hpln 

The  steel  rolls  should  be  in  line.  „  ,  ^  ^  ^  .,,  .  ,, 
clean  and  set  for  the  stock  bein?  Much  has  been  written  m  these 
run.  Top  foils  are  verv  important  columns  about  help  and  most  of  it 
and  should  be  well  covered  and  not  has  been  good.  We  all  know  that 
allowed  to  run  too  long.  A  great  the  spinner  has  the  worst  end  of 
manv  spinners  make  poor  varn  the  help  question,  on  account  of  the 
and  have  bad  running  work  because  young  ones  m  the  spinning  room, 
thev  are  trving  to  keep  down  roller  The  spinner  should  be  a  sober, 
bills  moral  man,  kind  and  pleasant  with 

Top  rolls  ought  to  be  kept  clean  the  help,  but  "firm  as  a  rock."  He 
and  as  free  from  oil  as  possible,  should  tell  his  help  pleasantly  what 
thouETh  the  bearing  should  have  oil  he  wants  done  and  then  see  that 
enousfh  to  run  lightlv.  Speed  is  they  do  it.  If  they  do  not  obey,  let 
another  very  important  thing,  them  go  as  there  are  usually  plen- 
Some  spinners  sav  "I  am  running  ty  of  good  people  who  want  to  work 
my  rolls  faster  than  the  table  set  m  a  good  spinning  room, 
down  by  the  machine  builder  and  Above  a'l  things  the  spinner  must 
making  big  production,"  while  at  stay  on  his  job.  No  man  can  run 
the  same  time  they  are  making  a  a  room  ""nd  spend  a  good  part  of 
large  amount  of  lap  waste,  their  his  time  in  an  ofllce,  or  talking  to 
work  is  running  bad  and  the  num-  every  one  around  the  mill  and  out 
ber  of  pounds  of     yarn     produced  of  it. 

Number  Thirty. 


By  C.  H.  McDANIEL,  LaGrange,  Ga. 


T  think  that  in  making  the  state-  upon  the  production  of  this  depart- 
ment that  the  spinning  room  is  the  ment.  I  do  not  mean  to  say  that 
responsible  part  of  a  cotton  mill,  the  carding  and  weaving  do  not 
it  will  meet  with  the  approval  of  count  for  anything  in  the  manufac- 
the  majority  of  mill  men.  The  repu-  ture  of  yarns  and  cloth,  for  with- 
tation  of  the  entire  plant  depends  out  the  carding  we  would  have  no 

52 


•pinning.  We  are  also  aware  of  the  extent,  I  think  it  a  bad  idea  to 
I'act  tliat  if  card  and  weave  rooms  write  off  your  rules  and  have  them 
did  not  produce  work  of  quality,  posted  about  ttie  room,  for  when 
it  w'ould  be  impossible  to  sell  the  the  help  are  reading  them,  soint 
goods  of  the  mill,  no  matter  how  bum  will  probably  say  to  some  ol 
well  the  spininng  was  done.  On  them,  "If  I  were  you  I  would  not 
the  other  hand,  in  a  yarn  mill,  no  do  that  for  you  can  get  a  job  at 
matter  how  well  the  carding  is  the  mill  I  came  from.  Tht-y  are 
managed,  and  no  matter  how  good  needing  spinners  and  you  will  not 
a  carder  you  have,  if  the  spinning  have  to  do  the  cleaning  there." 
is  not  run  right  there  will  be  con-  My  ideas  about  cleaning  tlie  spin- 
tinuous  kicking  from  the  buyers  of  ning  room  are  to  have  the  rollers 
the  product  ,and  in  many  cases  thf  picked  every  morning  by  8  o'clock, 
loss  of  sales  and  the  reputation  of  the  roving  wiped  under  by  10 
the  mill,  in  many  mills,  no  mat-  o'clock,  the  spindles  cleaned  by  11 
ter  how  well  the  weave  room  is  a.  m.,  and  the  back  sides  wiped  by 
lun,  if  it  does  not  get  the  yarn  to  11:30.  The  top  clearers  should  be 
weave,  it  cannot  produce  cloth  of  picked  out  at  least  three  limes 
quality.  daily,  and  the  back  rolls  in  the  af- 

Tlie  overseer  of  the  spinning  room  ternoon.  The  back  rolls  should  be 
should  be  a  man  of  good  judgment  oiled  twice  a  week  and  the  Iront 
and  capable  in  every  respect.  He  rolls  on  coarse  work  oiled  twice  a 
should  be  a  man  of  experience  and  day.  I  think  that  the  spindles 
familiar  with  every  process  in  the  should  be  oiled  twice  every  twc 
spinning  room,  one  who  is  not  weeks.  The  only  way  1  can  get 
afraid  of  work  to  keep  his  room  ii  production  is  to  keep  every  spin- 
good  order.  He  should  be  kindly  die  making  yarn  and  the  bells  on 
in  disposition,  but  hrm  in  all  deal-  the  tight  pulleys.  When  you  get 
ings  with  his  help.  The  overseer  production,  you  keep  your  cost 
should  teach  his  second  hand  tr  down,  and  if  you  do  not  get  pro- 
carry  out   his  rules   to  the   fullest  duction  your  cost  is   always   high. 

Number  Thirty-One. 


By  G.  R.  BROOK,  College  Park,  Ga. 


I  think  spinning  to  begin  with  be  oiled  every  day  and  bf«ck  steel 
should  have  an  ambitious  man  in  rolls  should  be  oiled  once  a  week, 
charge  who  has  unlimited  confi-  See  that  the  oiling  is  done  right, 
dence  in  himself,  to  get  a  high  per-  See  that  your  belts  are  in  good 
centage  of  production  and  a  good  shape,  and  that  there  is  not  any 
quality  of  yarn.  more  weight  on  your  rocker  shafts 

It  would  first  be  necessary  for  than  you  can  help  and  that  your 
him  to  respect  his  help  as  he  ex-  spindles  are  plumb  at  top  and  bol- 
pects  them  to  respect  him.  and  be-  tom.  Use  a  narrow  traveler  with 
ing  strictly  positive  with  them  and  a  round  point  and  a  good  roving 
keep  the  spinners  at  their  places  band  made  from  roving.  Draper 
so  as  to  never  have  their  spinning  gives  120  bands  to  the  pound,  but 
running  bad.  for  No.  25s  I  prefer  even  more  than 

For  instance,  we  were  running  this,  say  140  bands  to  the  pound, 
No.  25s  yarns.  We  would  have  if  they  are  made  from  fine  rovmg, 
spinners  '  wipe  their  roving  on  say  5  hank  roving.  A  band  like  this 
Tuesdav  and  Friday  of  each  week,  will  run  in  the  bottom  of  the  groove 
pick  their  top  rolls  everv  day  and  of  whorl  and  give  the  best  rosults 
their  steel  rolls  on  Tuesday  and  on  filling  or  warp.  The  avernge 
Friday  of  each  week,  have  them  life  of  this  band  is  from  nine  to  ten 
brush  their  rails  every  two  hours,  months  if  properly  made, 
pick  clearers  twice  a  day.  and  see  Dofiing  is  an  important  feature 
that  each  spinner  is  provided  with  in  the  spinning  and  should  be  man- 
an  apron  with  large  pockets  in  or-  aged  carefully.  In  spinning  sovoral 
der  to  keep  white  waste  off  the  different  numbers,  each  number 
floor.  should  be  timed  as  to  how  Ions?  it 

Do  not  allow  spinners  to  cut  any  takes  to  run  a  doff,  then  get  a  clock 
waste  off  of  the  bobbin.  Have  your  dial  for  each  number  and  set  the 
top  rolls  oilpd  twice  a  woek  with  hands  of  the  clock  at  the  timp  you 
a  good  oil.    Front  steel  rolls  should  want  your  doffers  to  start  dofling. 

53 


Always  have  them  set  from  three  to  on  your  spinning  than  you  will  lose 
five  minutes  fast.  See  that  doflers  on  si^ooiing:  anil  wiiidmg. 
start  on  the  time  you  have  set  for  Yoii  should  have  do(Tc-rs  rl<*an  off 
them  and  not  allow  them  to  stop  the  frames  twice  a  day  and  have 
but  one  frame  at  a  time.  Have  your  floor  swept  every  two  hours.  Have 
frames  making  standard  speed  a  second  hand  whom  you  can  put 
(Draper),  Some  spinners  say  they  confidence  in,  and  do  most  of  the 
will  not  stand  this  speed,  but  if  you  business  through  him.  By  doing 
keep  your  spinning  in  order,  it  will  this  you  have  more  influence  when 
stand  it  all  right,  and  on  numbers  you  have  to  say  anything, 
around  what  I  have  given  they  will  Without  a  good  saddle  a  man 
run  Draper  speed  fine.  cannot  make     spinning     run     wpII. 

The  advantage  I  claim  m  settmg  Dixon's  is  a  good  one.  With  this 
the  clock  a  little  fast,  is  that  if  saddle,  with  Sppakman's  Patont 
one  frame  fills  up  a  little  faster  Lever  Screw,  you  can  adjust  vnnr 
than  the  others,  or  doffers  break  weight  right.  I  prefer  a  3^-inch 
down  a  frame  of  ends  or  don't  dofT  guage  without  separators  for  mpdi- 
quite  as  fast  on  one  dou  as  they  do  um  numbers  with  a  Whitin  Gravity 
on  others,  this  little  time  takes  spindle  and  double  creel  roving, 
c^re  of  all  that.     Sonie  would  say      The    writer    has    practiced    these 

this    doning   just     a    few     minutes  ^„^i,„,,i„„  *»,,■„„„ a  t  i-„^  ,  «i 

ahead  of  time  would  run  up  the  Particular  things  and  I  know  they 
cost  of  spooling  or  winding,  but  T  are  practical  and  are  not  impossi- 
am  quite  sure  you  will  gain  more  ble. 

Number  Thirty-Two. 


By  G.  R.  KINDRICK,  Yorkville,  S.  C. 


I  have  found  by  experience     in  mix  old  rings  with  new  ones.  The 

running  a  spinning  room   that  the  traverse   should    be   properly     bal- 

following  things  must  be  looked  af-  anced  and  have  the  proper  ad.just- 

ter  carefully:  ment  so  that  the  top  of  the  bob- 
See  that  the  frame  is  in  perfect  bin  will  have  enough  taper  to  stand 

line  and  leveled.  the  handling  it  receives  from  spin- 
Use   only  good   top   rolls   and  be  ners  to  doffers. 

sure  that  the  steel  rolls  are  in  good  See  that  all  gears  are  set  corret- 

shape  and  have  the  proper  setting  ly  and  are  of  the  right  pitch. 

for  the  cotton  being  used.  See   that   the   twist   is   right   and 

Guide   wires    must   be    good    and  that  the  draft  is  in  the  bounds  of 

have    the   proper   setting   over   the  reason,   and  use  double  creel  rov- 

spindles,  and  must  be  the  right  dis-  ing  if  possible. 

tance  from  the  top  of  the  bobin.  Keep   all   parts   well     oiled     and 

See    that    the    travelers    are    the  properly  cleaned. 

right   number   for   the   yarn   bping  Have  just  as  few  rules  as  possible. 

spun,  and  that  they  are  changed  at  Be  sure  they  are  the  best  you  can 

the  proper  time.  Keep  the  spindles  have  and  carry  them  out. 

plumb  and  straight.  Show  the  help  that  you  appreci- 

The  size  of  the  rings  should  be  ate   pprfect  work   and     they     will 

governed    according    to    the    num-  probably  make  the  more  of  it  for 

ber   of   yarn   being   made.   Do    not  you. 


Numbef  Thirty-Three. 

By  J.  Y.  JONES,  Newberry,  S.  C. 

In  my  opinion  the  subject  under  the  time.  The  next  thing  is  to  keep 
discussion  is  one  of  the  most  im-  all  spindles  running  at  all  times  and 
portant  connected  with  the  manu-  see  that  all  ends  are  running.  These 
facture  of  yarns.  I  think  the  first  may  seem  small  things,  but  in  my 
thing  to  do  is  to  get  production  and  opinion,  the  small  things  are  the 
in  order  to  do  this  there  are  several  things  to  be  watched  in  a  spinning 
things  which  have  to  be  watched  room.  The  management  of  help  is 
very  closely.  The  first  is  to  keep  to  be  taken  into  consideration  in 
the  belts  on  the  tight  pulleys     all  running  a  spinning  room.  It  is  nec- 

54 


cssary  to  train  tlie  lielp  to  keep  all  duction,  but  lack  of  space  prevents 

tlie  ends  and  Iraines  running  at  all  them   Iroin   being   inenLioned.     The 

limes.     We  know  that  the  children  whole  matter  of  getting  production 

or    younger    help    are   employed    in  can  be  sunnned  up  in.th<   one  word 

the  spinning  room  and  therefore  it  "push." 
takes  more  time  and  attention  to  the 


help  to  have  them  realize  the  im- 
poiiance  of  keeping  thf  machinery 
running.  This  is  the  first  thing  in 
getl  ing  pi'oduclion. 

The  next  thing  is  to  keep  the 
frames  and  spindles  in  proper  con- 
dition. To  do  this  it  is  necessary 
to  have  good  section  men  who  will 
be  on  the  lookout  for  anything  that 
may  not  be  adjusted  properly  and 
altend  to  it  immediately,  and  men 
who  will  see  that  no  frames  or  spin- 
dles are  standing  idle  when  they 
oughl   to  be  running. 


Good  Running  Work. 

The  first  thing  in  making  good 
work  is  to  see  that  the  roving 
conies  from  the  card  room  in  good 
condition.  See  that  all  roving 
skewers  run  pei^fectly  free  and  that 
all  steps  are  in  so  there  will  be  no 
strain  on  the  roving,  as  this  would 
cause  unnecessary  draft.  This  makes 
the  ends  come  down  and  somelimes 
causes  roving  to  break  back,  with 
a  resultant  loss  in  production  and 
extra  work  for  the  spinner.  Then 
see  that  ell  roving  trumpets  are  kept 


The   next  point  to*  be  watched  is  n'^o^n"^^' a  1."°''''"^'     P°     unnecessary 


the  oiling  of  the  frames.  If  they 
are  kept  properly  oiled  they  will  not 
have  to  stand  often.  This  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  spindles.  Very 
often  a  spindle  will  become  dry  and 
•lick,  causing  a   loss  of  time. 


draft.  All  roving  traverses  should 
be  working  properly  at  all  times, 
as  this  is  very  essential  to  good  run- 
ning work.  See  that  they  traverse 
the  full  length  of  the  leather  roller. 
See  that  all  rollers  are  cleared  once 


U   is  (he  dGly  of' the  section  men   ^  day,  so  that  they  will  run  freely, 


to  have  the  frames  dolTed  as  quick 
ly  as  possible.    They  should  not  al 
low  more  than  two  frames  stoppec' 
af    a    lime   in   dofTing  on   a   section. 


Keep  in  a  good  set  of  leather  rolls 
at  all  times.  Watch  the  laps  on 
the  leather  rollers.  See  that  they 
are  properly  made     and     correctly 


and  should  see  that  all  of  the  ends  P"f  '"  ^^^^^  frame    so  that  they  will 
are  picked  up  as  snon  as  the  frames  ?°^  f""  against  the  lap.     Have  the 


are  started  up  after  dofTing.  Tt  is 
the  duty  of  the  section  men  to  be 
on  (heir  sections  at  starting  time 
and  see  that  all  frames  are  start- 
ed as  snon  as  possible.  Also  it  i 
the  duly  of  the  section  men  to  re- 
quire Uie  spinners  to  report  to  them 


front  rollers  oiled  twice  eacli  day 
and  the  back  rollers  oiled  at  least 
once  a  week.  Keep  the  steel  rolls 
oiled  and  oiled  often,  say  twice  each 
day  for  the  front  rollers  and  once 
a  week  for  the  back  rollers.  It  is  a 
good  idea  to  take  the  steel  rollers 


all    frnmes   or  ends   which   are   out    °"^  °^  ^}^  ^''^T.  °'!f^»  °^   ^^^'P^  .^ 

of  order.     As  soon  as  these  dcfpcts  ^^^L^^}-  f  °"\'  ^'l^,.^"^^^'.    ^^^  •^" 

re    reported    to    them    thev   should   ?l  *"^  ^'/"^  ,^^^*'  °*^  ^}^^   ^^^?S'  Y'P® 


repair  them  and  put  them  in  oper- 
ation. The  overseer,  second  hand 
and  sfofion  men  should  keep  down 
all  th"  waste  possible,  as  it  means 
that  more  yarn  will  be  produced 
It  is  their  duty  to  look  out  for  (an- 


them with  clean  waste,  powder  them 
with  whiting,  and  put  a  good  grease 
on  the  bearings  of  the  middle  and 
back  rollers.  See  that  there  are  no 
loose  or  crooked  joints.  If  there  are 
any,     have     them     tightened     and 


pipd  yarn  and'fix  the  frames  imnid  straightened  before     putting     them 


diateb.  They  must  see  that  no 
yarn  is  cut  off  of  the  bobbins  and 
spoolers,  as  this  means  moi-e  yarn 
for  the  company.  They  should  also 
watch  the  cost  of  operating  the 
spinning  room  very  carefully.  These 
are  a  few  of  the  many  things  to  be 
wafchfd    in    getting   production.    In 


back  in  the  frames.  Inspect  the  rol- 
lers in  general  and  see  if  they  need 
any  attention.  Put  the  rollers  back 
in  the  frame,  put  the  leather  rolls 
back  and  see  that  all  weights  are 
properly  hung.  See  that  none  are 
resting  on  the  board  and  that  none 
of  them  are  too  high.  This  will  give 
uniform   weight   on   all   the   rollers. 


regard  to  figuring  the  changes.  I  do  V.'^Ti''^   Y'f"^   ""   ""  .  ^^'^   ''""''''!; 

not    think    that    it    is    necessary    to  )^atch   out   for  worn   traverse   and 

give  fhcm  here.    It  makes  little  dif-  ev^''   sPf'f'ws,   as   they  will   become 

ference.    as    the   drafts    have    to   be  '"^l^l^!   ^"^   "°t   *^^^^     ^^^     proper 


made  in  accordance  with  the  yarn 
which  is  beiner  made.  There  are 
many  other  thinsrs  which  could  be 
mentioned  in  regard  to  getting  pro- 


weight. 

Be  sure  to  have  the  proper  twist 
in  the  yarn  you  are  spinning.  If 
you  have  not  sufficient  twist  it  will 


cause  bad  running  work.  See  that  production  and  bad  running  work, 
tlie  guide  wires  are  correctly  set  Careful  attention  should  be  given 
and  in  good  condition.  Sometimes  to  the  temperature  and  iiumidiLy  ol' 
they  become ,  worn  or  rough  and  the  spinning  room.  These  should 
cause  ends  to  come  down.  Have  the  be  regulated  by  the  number  of  yarn 
proper  travelers  for  the  yarn  you  being  spun. 

are  running  and  see  that  they  do  I  have  never  seen  a  spinning  room 
not  get  too  badly  worn  before  too  clean.  The  cleaner  you  keep 
changing.  Rings  should  be  in  good  a  room,  the  better  it  will  run.  Thit- 
condition,  not  rough  or  broken.  The  refers  to  the  machinery.  Then  there 
rings  should  be  perfectly  level.  It  are  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the 
is  very  important  to  watch  the  rings  room.  Some  may  think  this  will 
closely  in  a  spinning  room.  have  nothing  to  do  in  getting  pro- 

See  that  all  spindles  are  straight  duction  and  good  runnmg  work.  If 
and  have  good  points  on  them,  and  things  are  kept  in  a  good  sanitary 
that  they  run  perfectly  free.  Keep  condition,  it  tends  to  make  the  help 
good  bolsters  and  bases  for  the  feel  better  and  more  apt  to  do  ehi- 
spindles  to  run  in.  Keep  the  spin-  cient  work,  and  preserves  the  health 
dies  well  oiled  at  all  times  and  see  of  the  operatives.  The  lloor  and 
that  they  are  kept  in  the  center  of  walls  should  be  kept  clean  and 
the  ring,  or  in  other  words,  plumb-  white  at  all  times, 
ed.  In  order  to  plumb  a  spmdle  it  In  conclusion,  I  think  that  if  a 
is  first  necessary  to  get  the  whole  spinning  room  is  watched  carefully 
frame  perfectly  level,  to  get  ring  you  will  get  good  production  and 
rail  level,  have  the  lifting  rod  good  running  work.  These  points  1 
working  perfectly,  get  each  ring  have  mentioned  are  only  a  few  of 
level  on  the  ring  rail  and  to  get  the  many,  many  things  to  be  walch- 
each  spindle  in  the  center  of  the  ed  in  getting  results.  I  have  tried 
rings,  both  at  the  top  and  bottom  in  writing  this  article  to  mention 
traverses.  This  is  one  of  the  things  only  the  things  which  come  up  in 
that  helps  spinning  as  much  as  any  a  'practical  way,  both  in  getting 
one  thing  which  can  be  done.  My  production  and  good  running  work, 
idea  of  plumbing  spindles  is  to  keep  I  have  not  mentioned  any  theory. 
a  man  busy  at  it  all  the  time  and  These  things  have  come  under  my 
try  to  have  each  frame  plumbed  observation,  and  if  these  things  are 
twice  a  year.  watched  closely  the  work  will     be 

The  next  thing  to  watch  out  for  turned  over  to  the  spooler  and 
is  the  bands.  See  that  they  are  weaver  in  good  condition.  There  arc 
properly  tied  and  have  the  prop-  a  good  many  things  which  could  be 
er  tension,  so  as  to  cause  no  slack  said  in  regard  to  spooling  and  warp- 
yarn.     Slack   yarn  means   loss     of  ing,  but  lack  of  space  prevents. 


Number  Thirty-Four 


By  M.  C.  JOHNSON,  Jackson,  Ga. 

I  will  try  to  lay  out  a  week's  run  all  other  fast  running  parts  of  the 
as  I  think  a  spinning  room  should  frame.  If  your  spinners  have  been 
be  run.  The  room  I  have  in  mind  is  taught  to  do  certain  things  at  cer- 
a  12.000-spindle  room  on  an  aver-  tain  times  they  will,  when  the  time 
age  number  of  18s  yarn.  First,  on  comes,  get  busy  and  do  them. 
Monday  morning  have  everybody  They  begin  cleaning  top  rolls  and 
at  their  place  at  the  s  arting  of  the  just  here  I  will  say  that  the  front 
wheel.  Have  your  section  men  and  rolls  in  mind  are  shell  rolls.  By 
oilers  divided  up  so  each  one  can  this  time  the  oiler  has  finished  oil- 
have  a  cer  am  number  of  frames  j^g  all  fast  running  parts  of  his 
to  start.  When  the  whistle  or  bell  frames  and  is  now  ready  to  oil  his 
gives  the  signal,  shove  the  bolts  on  front  rolls  as  fast  as  the  spinner 
the  tight  pulleys.  A  practical  man  can  clean  them.  The  spinner  puts 
can  place  his  help  in  three  mm-  the  clear  boards  back  on  as  soon  as 
utes  because  he  knows  nist  wha  possible  in  order  to  keep  laps  off 
each  spinner  can  do  and  knows  ,iust  the  front  rolls.  A  good  oiler  will 
where  to  put  them.  While  the  spin-  have  found  time  to  tie  on  his  bands 
ners  are  getting  their  sides  straight-  before  beginning  to  oil  his  shell,  and 
ened  up,  have  your  oilers  oiling  right  here  I  want  to  say  that  if 
heads,   front  steel   roll   stands,   and  your  oiler  is  not  a  good  one,  you 

56 


had  better   lot  him   go  as  soon  as 
you  can  fill  his  place. 

Having  finislied  oiling  shells  by 
ten  or  ten-lhii-ty,  your  oiler  will 
put  on  all  his  bands,  oil  loose  pul- 
leys, and  unravel   a   few  bands  for 


DofTers  should  clean  heads  twice 
each  day  and  rockers  once,  and  keep 
all  bobbins  o(T  the  Moor  and  lop  of 
frames.  You  should  know  just  how 
long  your  frames  should  run  and 
then  have  them  dofTt'd  by  the  clock. 


leys,      aiKJ      UlHUVUl      tl      ll-W      UimH>      lUl        IIILMI     llllNC     LllUlli     UVllH  U     uy      LIHJ     <.MJ<-n.. 

the  aflernoon.  After  the  noon  hour  Don't  leave  this  to  the  dolTt-rs  as  to 

„  .  _         .  U 1 Il,„       r „      ,.K,.,,I^I       ..iir^         f/^T. 


he  will  oil  all  fast  running  parts 
of  the  frame.c  jvist  as  he  did  in  the 
forenoon.  Then  he  will  oil  spin- 
dles, having  his  frames  divided  so 
as  not  to  have  too  many  each  week, 
but  divided  so  as  to  reach  them  a.l 
least  every  three  weeks.  If  your 
speeds  are  above  the  standard  you 
should  oil  the  spindles  every  two 
weeks.  Of  course,  the  oiler  has 
other  duties  to  perform,  such  as 
taking  out  waste,  filling  fire  buck- 
ets, cleaning  down,  etc.,  but  have 
a  time  to  do  those  things  and  do 
them  on  time.  Oil  shells  once  each 
week  with  the  frame  running.  About 
two  drops  of  oil  put  up  close  to 
the  shell  on  end  of  arbor  is  enough 
as  the  shell  will  draw  the  oil  in 
land  will  keep  sufficient  for  one 
week's  run.  All  fast  running  parts 
are  oiled   twice  a  day.     Oiling  is  a 


how  long  the  fram(>s  should  run.  for 
if  you  do,  you  will  find  that  if  your 
dnilers  are  dofilng  by  the  piece,  they 
will  dolT  them  before  they  are  full, 
and  if  working  by  the  day  they  will 
let  them  nm  too  full  and  cause  a 
lot  of  tangled  yarn.  I  find  it  a  good 
plan  to  make  a  clock,  or  as  many  as 
you  need,  one  for  each  set  of  doff- 
ers.  Make  this  clock  face  on  any 
kind  of  smooth  board,  pulling 
hands  on  it.  and  just  at  dolT  lime 
move  the  hands  around  to  the  time 
when  frames  will  be  full  again.  By 
this  method  the  overseer  can  tell 
in  his  rounds  just  what  time  each 
set  of  dofTers  will  have  to  start 
dolTmg.  They  will  soon  get  the  hab- 
it and  be  at  it  on  time. 

A  good  second  hand  is  always  on 
the  job  and  covers  his  room  as 
often  as  possible  with   an  eye  that 


verv  important  part  in  the  spinning  sees    things    in    his    room    and    not 


room,    and   a   great   deal   could 
written  on  this  subject 


be  every  passing  automobile  or   train. 
The  best  second  or  section  man  you 


lll.lfll     I'll      imS     »11U,|CLL.  J.  lie     IJ^OL     ov.<   ^..-..     ---.      .j.....-^..     . . 

We  will  new  tai<e  up  the  spinner  can  get  is  the  one  you  tram  your 

.  .      n.     r>      '     1    •  1  11         ir       „,^t;.-.™     ♦l-.r>Tv-,      fr^nrt-t      rinunr' 


whom  we  left  finishins  up  her  rolls 
about  ten  o'clock.  After  her  roll? 
are  done,  she  has  nothing  to  do  but 
keep  all  ends  running,  brush  her 
rails  once  each  hour,  wipe  out  guide 
boards  often  enough  to  keep  them 
clean,  wipe  out  backs  about  live 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  spend 
all  spare  time  in  her  own  alley, 
either  sitting  down  or  standing,  just 
as  she  likes.  This  finishes  up  Mon- 
dav's  work. 

Tuesday  the  spinner  should  clear 
front  rolls  soon  as  convenient  in 
the  morning,  wipe  top  roving  in 
the  afternoon.  On  Wednesday, 
clean  all  top  rolls  in  the  forenoon 
wipe  out  bottom  roving  in  the  af- 
ternoon. Thursday,  clean  front 
rolls  in  the  morning,  also  steel  rollF 
and  back  stands,  and  wipe  top 
roving  in  the  afternoon.  Friday 
clean  top  rolls  in  the  forenoon  and 
pick  front  roll  stands  (use  nothine 
but  a  good  brass  hook  for  this,  and 
wipe  out  the  bottom  rovinar  in  the 
afternoon.  Saturday,  (stoppins  at 
noon)  everything  must  be  clpaned 
Top  and  bottom  rovinsr  must  he 
wiped,  ring  rails,  spindle  rails, 
and  in  fact  all  parts  of  the  frame 
must  be  cleaned  and  left  in  eood 
shape  to  begin  with  on  the  follow- 
ing Monday 


self,  promoting  them  from  doffors 
to  oilers  and  then  no  to  section  and 
second  hand.  By  so  doing,  they  will 
know  vour  system  of  doing  things 
and  wiil  help  you  to  carry  it  out  to 
the  letter.  Fifty  per  cent  of  the 
section  men  you  hire  from  other 
mills  and  who  claim  to  know  their 
job.  onlv  look  for  stopping  time, 
pay  day,  Sunday,  and  a  transpor- 
tation. 

A  practical  man  knows  when  his 
rovinsr  is  ri.£rht.  Tt  should  not  be 
twisted  too  hard,  hut  at  the  same 
timo  must  have  sufTlcient  strenarth 
to  draw  itself  over  the  creel  rods 
without  causing  it  to  weaken.  Creel 
or  rovin?  sets  should  he  put  in  per- 
fectly Ipvel  and  stuck  in  will;  pood 
glue,  so  as  to  give  the  roving  a 
free  and  easy  motion.  Tt  is  a  had 
idpa  to  run  over  an  eleven  draft  on 
double  roving  and  ovpc  eight  on 
sincle  rovinff.  Excessive  drafts 
makp  wpak  and  unpvpn  yarns.  T 
prpfpr  about  a  ton  and  a  half  for 
doublp  rovine  and  a  seven  and  a 
half  for  single  roving.  Rolls  must 
bp  spt  to  suit  the  stork.  Tn  my 
expprience.  T  have  found  that  in 
uparlv  pvpry  upw  crop  of  cotton, 
it  is  npce«!«arv  to  make  some  changes 
in  mv  rolls  to  suit  the  staple. 

There  are  no  fixed  rules  for  the 


57 


little  tiling  called  a  traveler.    It  is 
one  ol  the  things  which  you  cannot 
liguie      out      accuiuLeiy.      To      get 
WL'iyht    and    number    to    suit    cer- 
tain >arns,  a  man  must  know  Ironi 
expenuiice   when    lie    has   tlie   right 
traveler.     The   weiglit  of   the   trav- 
eler niQst  be  governed  according  to 
the  speed  ol  Irauie,   length  ol'  Ira- 
verse,  size  ol'  ring,   twist  of  yarns, 
etc.     I    have    used    many    dillerenl 
makes  ol'  travelers  but  I   hnd   that 
the    liat    top    travelers    give    belter 
saLislaction  than  any  other  on  high 
speed  warp  yarns.     When  the  bob- 
bin is  full   they  do  not  Uy  o(Y  like 
the     old    style     traveler.     Spindles 
should   be    plumbed   at   least   every 
two    years,    frames    lined    and    lev- 
elled and  guide  wire  properly  set. 
'Ihe  overseer  must  be  a  man   of 
good,  sound  judgment,  with  a  level 
head,  strictly  temperate,  and  a  man 
who   can   control    his  temper.     The 
management  cf  help  is  the  secret  ol 
the  si)inners'  success.     An  overseer 
should  study  the  disposition  of  eacl; 
new  hand  as  he  comes  in  to  work, 
and  it  he  is  good  at. reading  faces  or 
characters,   he   can   tell   in   two     or 
three    days   just    how    to    approach 
him.   or   her,   as   the   case   may   be. 
Some  of  my  help  I  speak  too  often, 
to  others  I  speak  only  when  I  have 


to.  Some  you  can  be  kind  to  and 
others  you  must  speak  to  harshly. 
However  you  should  let  yoiir 
harshness  be  only  from  the  lips  and 
not  from  the  heart,  and  when  you 
have  occasion  to  give  one  a  good 
jacking  up,  make  it  convenient  to 
pass  by  soon  afterwards  and  liave 
something  to  say  in  a  friendly  way, 
never  bringing  up  the  old  troubie 
again.  I  find  it  is  a  good  plan  when 
a  boy  goes  wrong  to  appeal  to  his 
honor,  telling  him  that  he  has  been 
taught  better  at  home,  and  advise 
him  as  you  would  a  boy  of  your 
own.  Never  make  a  promise  you 
cannot  fullill.  It  is  really  better  to 
do  more  than  you  promise. 

I  could  write  and  keep  on  writ- 
ing on  th^  management  of  help  but 
I  will  stop.  An  overseer  should 
size  his  yarns  from  fresh  roving  just 
otr  the  spindles  once  each  day,  be- 
tween 10  a.  m.  and  3  p.  m.,  in  order 
to  get  the  average  humidity  of  the 
room.  Size  from  warp  bobbins 
about  half  full  to  get  the  best  aver- 
age number  and  it  is  a  good  plan 
to  take  ten  bobbins  at  random  and 
size  from  them  about  every  two  or 
three  days.  You  can  get  the  best 
average  by  figuring  out  a  section 
beam  from  your  warpers  once  a 
day. 


Number  Thirty-Five. 


By  JOHN  GREGSON,  Eufaula,  Ala. 


Upon  taking  a  spinning  room,  a  your  spindle  speed.  If  given  a  fair 
man  should  first  ascertain  the  spindle  speed,  you  can  sometimes 
speeds,  especially  the  spindle  speed  got  more  production  than  with  a 
Otherwise,  he  is  running  in  the  dark  high  spindle  speed  as  the  high 
and  guess  work  is  not  very  elTicient.  spindle  speed  will  call  for  extra 
Then  see  to  the  condition  of  the  twist  and  then  not  even  give  satis- 
frames.  See  that  the  different  parts  faction.  Whereas,  a  lower  spindle 
are  set  up  right  and  ring  rails  lev-  speed  will  often  permit  you  to  take 
el.  both  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  advantage  of  the  twist  gear,  more 
and  spindles  concentric  with  the  than  counterbalancing  the  extra 
ring.    See  that  the  top  clearers  are  spindle  speed. 

in  good  condition  and  under  clear-  I  think  an  overseer  should  show 
ers  also,  otherwise  it  will  cause  his  ability  in  this  part  of  his  work, 
trouble  in  spinning.  After  ascer-  as  sometimes  he  can  take  a  good 
taining  the  grade  of  stock  used,  se;-  opportunity  to  put  up  his  produc- 
that  the  draft  rollers  are  properlv  tion,  when  he  has  some  good  stock 
gauged,  as  longer  stock  requires  in  process,  and  few  superintendents 
the  rollers  further  apart  than  short  will  object  to  him  giving  a  little  ex- 
stock.  A  good  distance  to  set  the  tra  twist  in  case  of  poorer  stock, 
rollers  about  4-32  of  an  inch  fur-  provided  he  takes  the  advantage  men- 
ther  apart  than  the  length  of  the  tioned.  In  regard  to  speed  of  spindles 
stock.  Do  not  use  an  excessive  will  say  that  I  believe  the  more  vou 
draft,  if  possible  do  without  it.  exceed    9,000    R.    P.    M.,    the    worse 

In  regard  to  twist,  I  think  there  is  y^'^rn  you  get  and  at  the  same  time 
too  much  attention  paid  to  the  ta-  you    considerably    shorten    the    life 
bles  given  in  books,  for  a  great  deal  of  a  spindle, 
depends   upon   the   stock   used   au^      In  using  a  little  less  than  stand- 


ard  turns  per  inch,  you  do  not  al-  grade  and  sliould  on  no  account 
ways  reduce  tlie  strength  of  your  be  used  on  any  other  part  of  a  spin- 
yarn  by  any  means,  but  at  the  same  ning  frame  as  all  otiier  parts  need 
time  you  are  increasing  tlie  elastic-  a  more  substantial  oil,  running  at 
ity  ol  your  yain.  Uf  course  1  do  not  a  mucli  slower  speed  than  the  spin- 
mean  for   you   to   run   the   spindles  dies. 

8,uuu  11.  P.  M.  on  all  counts  of  yarn,  Regarding  bobbins  and  quills,  it 
as  the  coarser  you  are  spmnmg  the  should  be  seen  that  tliey  lit  the 
speed  must  .be  proportionately  re-  spindles  well  as  when  they  fit  at 
duced.  dilTerenl    points,    full    advantage    of 

Cleaning  and  oilmg  are  two  very  ti^,  stroke  of  the  Urter  cannot  be 
essential  factors  m  a  spuming  room,  taken.  Further,  it  is  the  cause  of 
and  should  be  done  very  systemati-  considerable  tangled  bobbins.  Waste 
cally,  and  this  can  be  attained  by  being  on  the  spindles  is  another 
writing  out  a  set  of  rules  and  post-  y^jng  to  be  avoided  as  Ibis  causes 
ing  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  tangled  bobbins, 
room  where  all  the  help  can  see  them  j  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^,^1^  ^^^  to  go  into 
and  insist  upon  the  rules  being  car-  ^^^^.^  -^  ^,^^^^.^  ^^  travelers  used,  for 

ned  out.                          ,,•    •       i this  depends  a  great  deal  on  condi- 

n  regard  to  doffing  this  is  where  ^j          ^^^^^  ^^  glf^^,,^   be  seen     that 

a  big  leakage  slips  in  If  It  is  not  very  .j^^    '  ti.aveler     cleaners     connected 

closely  attended  to.    Dohers  should  j^j^  ^j^      ^^.^  i^^  ^     ^          position 

be    trained    to    keep    well    together  ^    prevent  lint  accumulating  on  the 

and  no    to  be  on  three  or  four  dif-  traveler.     Bands    for   driving   spin- 

ferent  frames  at  one  time,  which  is  ^,        ^  y,^  j^       -^g^  ^ogg  attention 

olten  seen  m  some  mills     Not  more  ^    all  slack    bands    removed    at 

than   one    Iranie   at   a   time   should  "' " 

be   stopped,   that  is  more  than  one       i^  '        ,  ,    ,  .*     i-       i 

frame  to  each  set  of  uofTers,  other-  Be  Us  also  need  close  attention  and 

wise  the  loss  in  production     in     a  should  never  be  allowed  to  be  put 

year's    time    is    considerable.   fFur-  on  too  tight  as  this  is  too  great  a 

ther,  there  is  too  much  loss  through  strain    on    (he    bearings    and    loose 

doffers  lapping  ends  on  bobbins  or  PuUey,  causing  same  to  wear     out 

quills    more    than    once    and    this  ^"ickly     Belts  will   do  their  work 

should  not  be  allowed.  much  better  if  given  a  coating  on 

I  think  that  the  care  of  spindles  t^e  outside  with  some  good  gi  ease, 
is  not  given  the  attention  that  it  or  currier  s  dubbin  for  prefojence, 
ought  to  have  and  I  believe  it  would  as  t'lis  will  keep  them  in  good  con- 
be  beneficial  to  have  the  spindles  1'^^'°"' ^"^,^^'i^P^  ^'^^?  °v"A  n  .' 
blades  removed  at  periodical  times  they  will  do  their  work  better  than 
to  be  oiled.  using  the  sticky  substances  so  olt- 

It  would  be  of  still   more  bene-  6"  used. 

fit  to  remove  the  bolsters  and  pump  The    climatic    conditions    should 
or  swab  out  the  bases,  after  oiling  receive  the  closest  attention  and  hu- 

them  with  kerosene  oil     which     is  midifiers  worked  to  the  best  advan- 
helpful     in     removing  the    gummy  tage.  In    conclusion,     the    overseer 

gtutr  often  found  in  bases.  should  at  all  times  use  civility,  tact. 

The  spindle  oil  should  be  of  good  and  firmness,  but  never  familiarity. 

Number  Thirty-Six. 


By  W.  C.  EASON,  Marshall,  N.  C. 


To  handle  a  spinning  room  sue-  mill.  Speak  to  them  when  you  meet 
cessfuly.  you  should  be  very  firm  them  on  the  street,  and  let  them 
with  vour  help.  Never  make  them  know  that  you  respect  them.  "Jack 
a  promise  that  cannot  be  filled,  them  up"  when  they  need  it.  but  do 
Speak  kindly  to  them  when  you  it  in  a  nice  way.  Let  them  know 
speak  to  them  about  making  good  that  you  are  boss  and  mean  busi- 
work  and  explain  to  them  how  to  do  ness.  Pay  every  cent  that  the  job 
80.  and  whv  it  should  be  done.  Give  pays  if  they  run  it  as  they  should, 
them  a  pleasant  smile  instead  of  a  If  they  do  not  run  the  .job  as  well 
frown.  Promote  the  girls  and  boys  as  it  should  be  run,  do  not  pay 
as  fast  as  you  can,  and  let  them  them  the  full  price  and  explain  it 
know  that  you  are  interested  in  to  them.  Train  the  second  hand  to 
their  welfare  as  well  as  that  of  tho  be   firm  and  never  make  promises 

59 


to  the  help  which  he  cannot  carry  allow  them  to  stop  more  than  one 

out.       When   employing   help,     ex-  frame  at  a  time,   nor   to   leave   th« 

plain    to    them     what    your    rules  frames  with  the  ends  down  and  half 

are,  and  what  you  expect  them    to  pieced  up.    DofTers  should  not  take 

do,  so  there  will  not  he  any  misun-  more  than  one  minute     to     doff     a 

derstanding.     Do  not  make  pets  of  frame.    Do  not  put  so  many  frames 

any  of  the  help.  Gain  the  confidence  on  the  boys  that  they  will  not  have 

of  the  help  and  they  will  be  willing  time  to  play  some,  for  this  will  dis- 

to  do  all  you  ask  of. them.  coui-age   them  and   they  will   never 

Oiling.  hurry.   Do  not  give  the  spmners  loo 

Oilinff  is  verv  imoortant      Snend  "^^"^  ^'^^^'  °^  ^'^^^'  ^^■'"  ^^^  /^°  ^^ 

oV   '  A .f^^^JZ ,"",?°  „l"rr„„  ;^^^^  much     cleaning     as     they     should. 


yarn  caused  by  poor  oiling,  an  un-  iTniiJ^'l 'nT?hfi^°lnH^^Z/c^'n''".ha 
necessary  amount  of  waste'and  cost  Avm^  '°^f  ^^^^  ^^f  ^f^^^^'^^  ^^^l 
of   minnlipt;      Ranrlino-     jo     nnnfhor  J'l^"-     ^^^    uini    ine    iraveiers    are 

?mpor?.?irilem^'te  U.a  %hrbanas  t^^ 

nroo^o';  Tr^^'oU^of  h^isf^i7'?he^;^-  P-n"  ^  -o"rl  tlTon  'nSer,re 
See' thar  th^band  bovs  keep  tKl"  «'^^^  «"d  not  allow  the  travelers  to 
bands  on  and  Ue  a  ve^y'  smaTl  knot  H?."in?n;  w  wilrrnn 'h.'dTv"'s".f 
to  avoid  slack  and  uneven  yarn.  Do  ^^\t  Pte^n^r.  ui  e  suUs  the "  room 
not  allow  the  band  boys  to  wait  wf  wXh  thither  i^^ame^^^^^^ 
around  for  a  dozen  bands  to  get  off  f.^f ',.  keen  ns  near  haT  temnera- 
before  they  start  into  put  them  on,  K.  .o  l.L.vio  ]^  ih^l  l.nl^  J^,T 
for  idlp  qnindlps  mpnn  a  1n<?s!  nf  *'"^*^  ^^  possible.  In  this  way  >ou 
varn  ^P^"°'^^   "^^^^   ^   ^^^^     ^^   can  sa^^e  waste  and  the  cost  of  la- 

^  -.  ■  ,  ,  ^^  '  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  bor.  Teach  the  second  hand  to  keep 
Use  four  doffers  and  a  head  dof-  the  belts  clean.  Castor  oil  applied 
fer  to  bear  down  and  wind  tra-  freelv,  will  preserve  and  prolong 
verses.  The  doffers  should  doff  and  the  life  of  the  belts  and  add  pounds 
piece  up   their  own  half.     Do   not  to  the  production. 


Number  Thirty-Seven. 


By  A.  R.  DRAKE,  College  Park,  Ga. 


I  am  a  young  spinner,  with  15  on  double  roving  hosiery  varn.  If 
years  experience.  I  have  found  out  the  draft  is  too  long  it  will  cause 
that  a  man  must  be  a  hustler  to  run  thick  and  thin  places  in  the  yarn. 
a  spinning  room,  or  he  will  get  lost  Short  draft  will  make  lumpy"  and 
among  the  tangled  up  sides.  The  cockley  yarn.  The  day  has  come 
doffers  will  keep  so  far  ahead  of  when  we  must  get  quality  and 
him  that  he  will  not  know  whether  quantity  at  the  same  time.  Some 
he  is  running  the  room,  or  whether  spinners  say  speed"  up  if  you  are 
the  doffers  are  running  it.  too    low.     Determine     your     spoed 

The  first  thing  a  man  should  do  and  see  if  it  is  too  high  and  if  it  is 
in  taking  a  new  room  is  to  get  start-  reduce  it,  as  it  will  pav  in  the  long 
ed  right,  and  then  stay  right.  How  run.  Get  the  speed  right,  the  belts 
should  he  do  this?  Watch  for  the  on  the  tight  pulleys,  get-  up  the 
weak  spots.  My  motto  is  "When  broke  back  ends  and  push  the  dof- 
you  once  get  anything  up.  do  not  let  fers. 

it  fall."  Keep  put'Jng  something  up.  The  best  way  to  get  the  doffers  to 
until  you  have  everything  up  and  work  is  to  give  them  certain  privi- 
then  you  will  not  have  so  much  to  leges  and  encourage  them.  When 
do.  How  should  the  overseer  man-  they  have  spare  time,  let  them  go 
age  to  keep  up  the  room?  T  will  try  out  and  play  in  the  fresh  air.  Then 
to  tell  from  my  experience,  from  they  will  feel  more  like  working 
doffer  up,  what  T  have  found  out.  when  dofTing  time  comes.  Tf  they  do 
The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  get  the  not  hurry  to  get  the  frames  going, 
machines  set  up  properly  by  an  ex-  keep  them  inside  for  a  doff  or  two. 
pert.  See  that  the  roving  is  even  This  will  teach  them  to  work  bet- 
and  has  the  right  twist.    The  draft  ter. 

on  spinning  should  not  be  over  10      The   whole    life   of   the   spinning 

60 


room  is  good  help.  Show  me  a  with  the  sweepings,  or  carried  to 
gpiiining  room  where  tlie  work  runs  the  waste  room.  In  the  first  place, 
well  and  I  will  show  you  a  set  ol"  try  to  reduce  the  white  waste  as 
well  trained  spinners.  If  spinners  much  as  possible.  To  do  this  get 
want  good  work  they  must  keep  it  the  sides  cleaned  un  nicely  and  keep 
cleaned  up.  This  means  keepmg  the  them  that  way.  See  tliat  the  spin- 
rolls  clean,  the  sides  wiped  oil'  and  dies,  guides,  rings  and  bolsters  are 
brushed.  Keep  good  rollers  in  the  set  right  lor  the  staple  ol'  cotton, 
sides.  If  an  end  is  not  set  correct-  See  that  the  weight  levers  do  iiot 
ly,  the  spinners  should  have  the  rest  on  the  board,  for  while  this 
fixer  straighten  it.  A  good  spinner  will  not  necessarily  make  the  work 
will  do  all  this.  What  does  it  take  run  badly  it  will  injure  the  finished 
to  make  a  good  spinner?  A  good  spinning.  Sometimes  the  ends  do 
overseer,  one  who  vv'ill  take  an  in-  not  come  down  every  time  the  iev- 
terest  in  the  help.  He  must  get  in  ers  are  resting  on  the  board,  and 
and  show  them  what  he  is  after,  this  makes  weak  yarn.  If  the  ends 
Show  them  that  your  idea  is  right,  do  not  come  down  the  spinner  will 
then  you  will  get  the  desired  re-  make  a  slub  in  getting  them  back, 
suits.  It  is  a  great  loss  to  the  com-  which  makes  waste.  See  that  the 
pany  for  the  spinners  to  throw  rollers  are  cleaned  and  oiled  and 
white  cotton  on  the  floor.  By  the  that  good  rollers  aro  put  in  when 
time  you  figure  what  It  costs  in  the  ^^^^  ^  ^^j^  ^^^  ^  high  a 
market,  what  it  cost  to  make  it,  and  .  ^,  ^.  .  •  ,  , 
to  prepare  it  for  spinning,  you  will  speed.  The  main  thing  is  to  have 
see  that  it  is  too  dear  to  throw  out  good  spinners  and  doffers. 

Number  Thirty-Eight. 


By  B.  W.  KOONTZ,  Spray,  N.  G. 


What  do  you  know  about  running  that  depends  on  the  number,  but 
a  spinning  room?  That  is  a  great  clean  them  often  enough  to  keep 
question,  a  larger  one  than  the  writ-  them  thoroughly  clean.  Some  rooms 
er  is  able  to  handle,  but  I  may  be  on  fine  numbers  clean  rolls  once  a 
able  to  say  one  word  that  will  help  day,  other  rooms  oi'  fine  numbers 
some  one,  and  that  reason  alone  will  clean  them  every  two  days,  anyway, 
make  it  worth  while  for  me  to  say  a  keep  them  clean.  Be  careful  about 
few  things.  the  cleaning.    Do  not  let  the  spinners 

The  overseer  should  be  the  first  fan  out  guides  as  this  causes  the 
person  on  the  job  in  the  morning  skewers  to  choke  up  with  gouts  and 
and  at  noon  time  as  well,  if  possible,  make  the  roving  pull  hard,  probably 
The  belts  should  be  on  the  tight  pul-  stretching  it.  Besides  it  will  catch 
ley  when  the  whistle  blows  to  begin  on  the  yarn  and  make  bad  work, 
work.  The  spinner  should  be  sure  I  will  not  suggest  any  draft,  as 
that  he  gets  good  roving,  as  on  this  this  depends  on  the  cotton  being 
depends  largely  the  success  of  the  run.  Some  of  us  have  been  taught 
•pinner.  Without  a  good  carder  we  to  set  the  rollers  1-8  of  an  inch 
would  all  get  in  the  hole.  The  wider  than  the  length  of  the  staple, 
boxes  in  which  the  roving  is  dofl^ed  This  will  not  work  in  all  cases.  On 
should  be  carefully  looked  after,  so  coarse  numbers  we  should  make  a 
as  not  to  tear  up  the  roving  with  greater  allowance  than  on  fine  num- 
the  splinters.  The  man  who  hauls  bers.  I  recall  one  instance  where 
the  roving  should  be  taught  to  ban-  No.  7s  yarn  was  being  spun  with 
die  it  carefully,  and  not  to  lay  more  85  hank  roving  and  with  3-4  or  7-8 
than  three  lavers  high  on  top  of  '"ch  stanlc,  the  rollers  being  set  one 
the  frames.  This  prevents  the  rov-  inch.  They  were  spread  1-1  more 
ing  from  falling  on  the  floor.  Run  all  with  good  results.  Be  very  careful 
of  the  roving  off  of  the  <.ops  once  a  in  setting  the  rolls.  They  should  be 
week,  so  that  no  old  rovin^-  will  ac-  set  with  a  gauge  and  carefully 
cumulate.  tightened. 

The  spinners  should  be  taught  to  Have  a  regular  time  for  oiling  for 
break  the  roving  short  when  creel-  this  is  a  very  important  part  of  the 
ing  the  roving  so  as  not  to  make  spinning.  The  rolls  should  be  oil- 
doublings.  The  rollers  should  be  ed  regularly  and  carefully  so  as  not 
kept  clean.  I  will  not  say  just  how  to  gum  the  rollers;  in  other  words, 
many  times  a  day  to  clean  them,  for  oil  the  journals,    not    the    leather. 

61 


WaLcli  llio  rolls  or  the  work  of  Itie  Tins  is  an  mipoiLaiiL  point  for  if 
roiliT  coverer.  Do  not  use  rollert-  liie  In  veler  is  loo  liglil  you  will 
Willi  bull'  seams.  The  slicp  man  llnd  thai  the  libri-s  are  not  bemg 
should  be  cautioned  when  buir  lied  down  by  the  twist.  The  vibra- 
stams  ai-e  put  in  the  rolls.  Also  tions  will  be  so  great  that  the  yarn 
watch  uul  for  loose  covers  on  rolls,  will  be  whipped  out  on  the  sepa- 
See  that  the  roving  guides  are  work-  rators  and  weak  yarn  results.  On 
ing  well  and  that  the  roll  does  not  the  other  hand,  if  tiie  travelers  are 
hollow  out  in  the  middle.  The  steel  loo  heavy  they  will  stretch  the  yarn 
roll  should  be  cleaned  often  enough  and  damage  the  ring.  The  bands 
to  keep  the  ilutes  well  cleaned.  This-  should  be  uniform,  about  120  pounds 
depends  on  the  numbers  being  made,  to  the  pound  is  a  good  size  band.  If 
The  spindles  should  be  oiled  every  the  bands  do  not  get  to  the  bottom 
two  weeks  bv  a  good  trusty  man.  of  the  whorl,  the  yarn  does  not  get 
Many  spindles  have  been  ruined  the  proper  twist, 
and  "many  yards  of  yarn  as  well  by  Production. 

trusting  the  oiling  to  some  care-  First  of  all  be  sure  to  watch  the 
less  bov.  Oiling  should  be  done  by  belts  and  keep  them  in  good  pulling 
the  same  person  all  the  time,  so  condition  and  never  forget  that  a 
that  if  the  overseer  finds  the  spin-  big  portion  of  the  production  de- 
dles  are  not  oiled  well  he  will  know  pends  upon  good  belts.  The  spin- 
who  to  look  for.  When  they  are  ner  should  examine  his  tight  pul- 
oiled  by  one  boy  one  time  and  an-  leys  and  see  that  they  do  not  run 
other  the  next,  it  is  hard  to  tell  warm  and  cool  your  belt  for  pull- 
which  one  has  slighted  the  work.  ing.  Screw  up  the  dolTer  boy  and 
Travelers  are  important.  Watch  do  not  have  but  one  frame  stopped 
the  vibration  of  the  thread  and  you  at  a  time  for  dofling.  Keep  a  nice 
can  soon  learn  to  tell  whether  the  clean  floor  and  the  help  will  get 
traveler  is   too  light  or   too   heavy,  along  better. 


Number  Thirty-Nine. 


By  L.  0.  SKIDMORE,  Asheville,  N.  C. 


I  will  base  my  remarks  on  the  dies  should  be  handled  with  much 
practical  side  of  this  question,  and  care  and  very  closely  looked  after, 
they  wW]  apply  to  the  kind  of  yarn  They  should  be  oiled  as  often  as 
I  am  now  spinning,  that  is,  14s  to  16s.  needed  and  kept  running  steadily 
I  find  in  spinning  coarse  yarns  like  for  when  they  are  bent  or  wobbly 
these  that  it  is  necessary  to  stav  on  they  will  not  do  good  work.  T  find 
the  job.  for  a  small  stoppage  means  that  I  get  the  best  results  by  having 
a  big  loss  in  the  production.  It  is  the  sides  gone  over  once  a  year  and 
necessary  for  the  overseer  to  train  all  of  the  crooked  spindles  straight- 
the  help  to  do  their  dutv  as  thev  are  ened  and  bolsters  taken  out  and 
told.  I  find  it  best  to  be  kind  and  washed.  If  the  above  system  is 
positive  with  people,  rather  than  carried  out  there  will  not  be  much 
ill  tempered  and  crabbed  with  them,  soft  yarn  made.  We  all  knew  that 
When  we  get  the  help  to  stav  at  the  evil  of  soft  yarn  adds  a  great 
their  posts  of  dutv  it  is  not  hard  percentage  to  the  breakage  on 
to  get  the  work  done.  All  overseers  spooling  and  warping  and  makes  a 
know  that  the  management  of  help  lot  of  unneccessary  waste,  mean- 
means  a  great  deal  in  running  a  ing  a  loss  of  money  for  the  corn- 
spinning  room,  although  it  is  not  pany.  Be  very  careful  with  rolls.  I 
all  there  is  to  it.  When  we  get  good  find  that  going  over  the  fiuted  rolls 
roving  from  the  card  room,  then  every  six  months  keeps  them  m 
we  can  produce  good  yarn.  Of  very  good  shape.  I  take  them  out 
course  there  are  many  things  which  of  the  stand  and  clean  out  the  bear- 
will  produce  bad  running  work  in  ing  and  cut  off  some  old  brooms  and 
tl  e  spinning  room,  and  some  of  "ib  the  flutes  out  good.  Then  clean 
these  causes  I  will  now  mention.      the  flutes  out  with  good  waste,  af- 

All  of  the  bands  are  to  be  uni-  ^er  the  steel  rolls  are  Put  back  in 
form  in  size  and  not  too  large.  Five  place  Then  take  the  top  rolls,  clean- 
strand  bands  from  2  hank  roving  '""  them  off  and  replacing  any  had 
makes  a  very  nice  hand.  Bands  o^^s  with  new  rolls.  After  they 
should  all  be  put  on  with  as  near  the  have  been  saddled  up.  start  the 
same  tension  as  possible.    All  spin-   frames  and  level  the  levers  so  that 

62 


lliCy  will  not  go  down  and  interfere  unnecessary      breakage  ,    and     will 

V.  ith   the  weight,  which  belongs  on  cause  the  ring  and  traveler  both  to 

the  top  rolls.  wear  out  much  quicker  than  il"  the 

Roving  in  the  creels  should  be  kept  spindh's  are  in  the  ri^lit  places, 

eljan.    If  cotton  gets  rubbed  on  the  I  find  that  a  great  deal  of  tangled 

end   of   the   roving   and     the     ends  yarn  is  caused  by  the  section   men 

squared    it   will   cause    friction   and  not   watching    the    traverse    motion 

stietch  the  roving  between  the  roy-  closely  enough.    If  the  overseer  will 

ins?  bobbin  and  the  back  rolls.  This  keep  behind   the  section  men,  have 

makes  uneven  yarn  and  causes  the  the    lifting   rods    cleaned    out     and 

work  to  run  badly.  the   traverse   rigging   tighten<'d   and 

It  is  necessary  to  keep  good  cloth  keep    the   counter   weights    so    tliey 

on  the  top  clearers  so  they  will  clean  will  not  rest  on  the  floor  when  the 

the  lint  olT  cots  of  the  top  roils.  cam  is  at  the  top  change,  that  the 

Keep  good  cloth  on  the  scavenger  tangled  production  can  be  reduced, 

rolls  and  keep  them  in  good  shape  This  means  a  smaller  percentage  of 

all  the  time.     If  there  is  a  scaven-  waste.     Prevention    is    better    than 

ger   roll   out   or   one    that   will    not  cure. 

turn,  when  an  end  breaks  the  sliver  The  ring  traveler  is  a  very  im- 
wiil  lap  around  the  top  of  the  steel  portant  matter.  I  find  by  experi- 
rolls.  or  else  fly  over  to  the  next  end  ence  that  I  got  the  best  results  with 
and  make  bad  yarn.  a  round  pointed  traveler  because  if 
All  spindles  should  be  in  the  cen-  lasts  longer  than  a  square  pointed 
ter  of  the  rings  at  both  top  and  bot-  traveler,  gives  a  more  even  friction 
torn.  I  me:^n  that  when  the  ring  on  the  yarn,  and  with  it  I  can  use 
rail  is  at  the  top  of  bobbin  the  a  heavier  weight  and  spin  less  sin- 
gpindle  ought  to  be  in  the  center  gle  roving.  I  prefer  just  as  heavy 
of  the  ring.  Also  when  the  ring  a  traveler  as  can  be  used  to  make 
rail  is  at  the  bottom,  the  spindle  the  work  run  well  when  using  sepa- 
ought  to  be  in  the  center  of  the  rators  f-^r  if  the  traveler  is  lisrht 
ring.  The  only  way  to  have  the  the  >arn  will  chafe  a?ainst  the 
spindles  right  is  to  have  them  separator  blades  and  tenter, 
plumbed  both  top  and  bottom.  A  blind  man  cannot  run  a  spin- 
It  is  necessary  to  have  the  guide  ning  room  for  an  overseer  some- 
wires  right  over  the  center  of  the  times  has  to  take  some  very  long 
top  of  the  spindle.  The  above  set-  shots  with  the  eye.  The  overseer 
ting  will  cause  the  ring  traveler  to  must  see  more  than  anyone  else, 
have  the  same  friction  all  the  w-ay  for  the  simple  reason  that  anyone 
around.  Otherwise  the  ends  will  bp  can  see  a  spinning  frame  which  is 
jerked  and  there  will  be  uneven  on  fire,  but  it  is  the  little  things 
friction,  which  will  cause  a  lot  of  which  give  the  most  trouble. 


Number  Forty. 


By  S.  T.  PETTY,  Fries,  Va. 


Spinning  is  only  a  question  of  to  be  changed.  All  spinners  should 
common  sense.  It  is  a  well  known  try  f'leir  twist  at  least  once  pvery 
fact  that  we  must  have  good  stock  week  with  several  gears  and  put 
from  the  card  room,  and  to  get  this  <^rt  fbp  one  that  givps  the  bpst 
we  must  co-operate  with  the  card-  brpakinp:  streneth.  Before  doing 
er.  Do  this  and  you  will  never  thi«  test  your  breaking  maehinp. 
have  any  complaint  from  the  Oiling:  is  a  very  important  thing 
weaver.  Watch  the  stock  the  card-  in  spinning:.  Spindles  should  be 
er  is  running:  and  make  him  ?ive  w-atched  very  closely  and  not  al- 
you  enniigrh  twist  to  keep  the  fibprs  lowed  \n  gro  too  lone:  without  oil- 
inferlnrkpd.  See  that  there  is  no  ing.  T  find  it  a  good  policy  to  eaeh 
stretch  between  the  bobbin  and  the  dav  to  take  the  number  of  Mip  last 
trumpet.  frame      oiled.     With      this      svstem 

The  most  important  thine  about  <';p^''  f'll  "'^^'^^  ^^.,.  ^">;  ^^^"^("^ 
spinning  is  draftin?.  See  that  vou  s^<iPPPf1  from  onp  nibne  to  anofb- 
are  getting  the  right  draft  to  cor-  ''^-  All  rol  s  should  be  oilpd  pvpry 
respond  with  the  stock  being  used  Monday.  The  front  top  and  bottom 
and  the  numbprs  of  varn  bpin?  rolls  should  be  oiled  every  day. 
made.  As  to  the  twist  for  weaving  Top  clearers  should  be  cleaned  four 
yarns,  there  are  times  when  it  has  times  each  day. 

63 


Overhauling  is  all  right  at  the  the  spindle  is  out  of  plumb  or 
proper  time,  but  there  is  no  use  something  else  is  wrong.  Practice 
to  be  keeping  at  it  all  the  time,  pro-  this  and  your  frames  will  always 
vided  you   have   the  right  kind   of  be  overhauled. 

lunTJJ^^^^nr.  wh^'°''  ^'  \  '^^H  ^"^  ^'ev^r  stay  short  of  supplies,  for 
ITV  inc^in'nY  Jn;"  ■  ^'"^♦f  ^^'^"'  >-^^  'cannot  run  a  job  without  them, 
at  It,  instead  of  allowing  them   to  ^,^1  be  careful   of  what  you   have 

are  continual!-.  K'vng  trouble.  Then  '^^^  stoppages  for  breakdowns, 
see  that  th.  -..'ction  man  docs  not  Steel  rolls  should  be  taken  out  onc» 
take  a  ,  ■■•>\  .•■.i  and  put  it  in  when  a  year  and  scoured. 

Number  Forty-One. 


By  H.  J.  CHRISTLEY,  Roanoke,  Va. 


Practical  and  efficient  spinning  is  enough  and  always  run  them  ai 
a  very  broad  subject,  and  I  will  fast  as  you  can  keep  the  ends  run- 
uot  try  to  do  it  full  justice,  but  may  ning,  but  remember  that  it  is  the 
bp  able  to  say  something  that  will  ends  running  that  makes  produc- 
help  some  one.  tion  in   the  spinning  ruoni.     Wlu-n 

In  the  first  place  an  overseer  your  work  runs  badly,  get  down 
should  know  enough  about  carding  among  the  spinners  and  ask  them 
to  know  when  he  is  getting  the  just  what  the  trouble  is  and  nine 
right  roving  he  needs  to  produce  times  out  of  ten  they  can  tell  you 
the  counts  he  is  running.  The  rov-  and  then  you  can  mend  the  trouble, 
ing  should  not  have  too  much  twist  You  may  walk  up  and  down  the 
in  it  and  the  roving  skewers  and  spare  floor  with  your  hat  in  your 
creel  boards  should  be  kept  in  hand  and  curse,  but  it  will  not  do 
proper  shape  so  as  to  let  the  rov-  a  bit  of  good.  Perhaps  the  section 
ing  run  off  at  the  even  tension.      man  has  put  on  the    wrong    twist 

The  roving  traverse  should  be  set  gear  or  draft.  I  have  known  such 
to  run  as  near  each  end  of  the  boss  to  be  the  case.  If  sizing  the  yarn 
on  rolls  as  possible  and  should  be  does  not  give  satisfaction  take  down 
kept  going  all  the  time  and  not  al-  the  casing  and  examine  the  gears 
lowed  to  dwell  at  each  end.  Each  sec-  yourself.  This  will  often  stop  ir- 
tion  hand  should  see  to  this  and  if  regularity  in  the  weight  of  the  fin- 
the  roving  traverse  should  stop  for  ished  goods. 

any  length  of  time  the  roll  should  The  oiling  is  another  factor.  All 
be  replaced  with  new  ones  as  each  fast  motions  should  be  oiled  at  least 
old  one  will  have  a  groove  in  it  once  a  day  and  all  slow  moving 
which  causes  gouts  in  the  yarn  and  parts  once  a  week.  Spindles  should 
the  ends  will  not  run  as  they  should  be  oiled  according  to  the  speeds 
thereby  causing  waste  and  decreas-  they  are  running  once  every  one  to 
ing  production.  The  proper  twist  three  weeks.  Roving  bands  should 
and  draft  is  an  important  factor,  be  used  with  the  knot  that  gives 
The  draft  should  not  be  too  long  the  best  results.  The  spinning  room 
and  too  much  twist  should  not  be  should  have  a  flag  system  for  sig- 
used.  nals  to  the  section  men  and  band 

The  overseer  should  try  differ-  boys,  say  a  red  flag  for  bands  and 
ent  makes  and  weights  of  travel-  a  blue  flag  for  the  section  men.  The 
ers  and  use  the  one  that  gives  the  spinners  should  be  taught  to  raise 
best  results.  The  speed  of  the  the  red  flag  when  the  band  comes 
frame  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with  ofT  and  the  band  boy  to  lower  the 
its  running  well  or  badly  and  never  flag  when  he  has  tied  the  band  on. 
for  one  moment  think  that  the  fast-  To  show  the  advantage  of  this  sys- 
er  the  frame  runs  the  more  produc-  tern,  I  will  give  an  example.  Say 
tion  you  will  get,  for  instead  of  a  band  boy  has  fifty  frames  or  one 
making  yarn  you  may  be  making  hundred  sides.  He  must  canvas  all 
waste  and  sending  back  to  the  pick-  these  sides  from  one  end  to  the 
er  room  what  the  carder  has  sent  other  to  find  a  band  off.  and  if  a 
to  the  spinning  room.  Of  course  band  comes  off  behind  him  on  the 
the  frames     should     be     run     fast  side    he    has   just   passed,    it   must 

64 


stay  ofT  until  he  has  looked  over  the  down  ends,  and  should  piece  up 
other  ninety-nine  sides  before  he  their  own  ends.  A  piece-up  hand  is 
finds  it  However,  if  he  goes  by  the  something  a  spinning  room  should 
flag  he  can  watch  for  them  and  go  not  have.  Only  one  frame  should  be 
direct  to  the  sides  that  need  him.  It  stopped  at  a  time.  Doffers  should 
is  the  same  with  the  section  man.  keep  all  the  tan;;l.!d  work  from 
He  can  go  direct  to  the  frame  and  around  the  spoolers  and  they  will 

hL'T^'lL'^fn  ^?^^  ■?  '^r^I!^  ''''^'^  ^'^  "ot  have  to  make  much  of  it  Win 
happens  to  find  it.  The  spinner  the  confidence  of  your  help  by  being 
should  raise  the  flag  for  everything  the  right  sort  of  man  yourself  and 
from  a  broke  back  end  on  up  I  teach  them  the  more  the  company 
know  of  no  better  system  than  this  makes  the  more  they  will  promote 
to  keep  the  spindles  going  and  each  your   help   when   they     deservA   if 

tJ'rTise  ?he"flae''  '°'''^  ''  '''  '^'''  h  '}'  ou7ThoeZns^llT^nce 
'^'oTng  is'tnother  thing  that  ?h"e'y  earn.^^BrLneft  rnTstrll^K 
should  not  be  treated  as  a  trivial  with  every  one  and  do  not  fnrlpf 
matter  Dofifers  should  be  trained  the  company  for  that  1  where  yo^^^^^ 
to  do  their  work  without  breaking  pay  comes  from. 

Number  Forty-Two. 


By  HOMER  WOODS,  Lexington,  S.  G. 

wiuTJ^/tH'h  ^l^^'^'y?''^  r""*"  "]^"   A"  overseer  should  be  a  man  that 
will  agree  with  me  when  I  say  the   is  not  afraid  of  ffettinff  his  hind? 

o^a^  nT  ?nTn''  ^^'  T^\  '"^P^^^^"*  Soiled  whS  it  ?s  nfcessfry  To  keep 

doP.n'?  maki  nnv  Hrf?^^''^''""^v:  J^  S^^  ^°°"^  ^P  ^0  Standard  he  should 

P?  fhP  r^n  Lo^  differerice  wheth-  hustle  himself  and  make  everything 

fhP  rpn^  .f,^f  T,r '^",ri' y^'."'  ""der  him  do   likewise.     An  over- 

nnnn  ?ho  mfo^f^^  ^?^*v!"'"  depends  seer  should  be  a  kind  man  but  firm 

hSppH     Th^o  '^Li^'  °    the  yarn  pro-  in  all  his  decisions  and  never  make 

clpc,.   mJn    nnH  "^H^  ""^^  ^^  ^  ^^^'*-  Promises  to  his  help  that  he  cannot 

Class    man    and   deliver   good    even  comply  with. 

Z^J"  S  ^m'1\'^^^'''  ^'^.^  ^^K^^^,iPl"-  The  second  hand  should  be  a  man 
Kp  i,  Tiwnvc  /'  '\  •'^°''^'^  P^'  0^  SO°d  moral  habits  and  a  man 
from  .nm?wh lo  ^°T^h '""^  mP""'?,^  ^^^f'  ^0^^^  ^0^  the  interest  of  the 
it<f^nrn  fi^n  l^'  V -^^^  '^.'}^  ^^"^'  "^j"  ^ud  operatives.  By  doing  so 
from  fhP  hLo^r^^'^^^-^i^,^  ''''"?,^  ^«  ^^'11  soon  gain  the  confidence  and 
dopTn'f  «nnn^^M'  ''f"'^  '^  ^^®  "^i"  ^^spcct  of  all  his  help,  and  they  in 
^SAh^?  .,n?®^  'k  Z^"""  pp..  t°  tu'^ri  will  work  better  and  five  him 
ihJlJnt  l^^u  ^  bad  reputation,  less  trouble.  When  a  second  hand 
Hon  w%  h..^  "f  "^'^^^^  ^^^  l^P"^^:  approaches  his  help  he  should  do  so 
hv  thT"  ijryM'HP';?.^"^^?,,^^"""^^  in  a  business  way,  showing  his  re- 
it^  vprn  I  S  -n  I  ^^*^  mill  weaves  gard  for  their  feelings  as  they  are 
hP  wpn  Jp  Z  I  ^^  ^possible  for  human  as  well  as  he.  The  section 
^^nZvTLZFZ^''''^  ''^^^^  ."P  .\^  "^en  or  the  men  doing  the  fixing, 
standard,  hence  the  complaint  will  should  be  taught  the  same  example 
come  from  the  purchasers  of  the  as  above  stated. 
Cloth,  therefore  the  mill  sufiferp  They  should  be  on  the  move  at  all 
irom  the  poor  quality  of  yarn  for  times  looking  after  their  frames,  in- 
wmch  the  spinning  room  is  respon-  struct  the  help  to  notify  him  at  once 
®^'"®-  when  anything  goes  wrong.    When 

The  overseer  of  the  spinning  a  hand  reports  something  that  needs 
should  be  a  man  of  good  judgment  his  attention  he  should  go  at  once 
and  one  canable  of  doing  his  own  i^  he  is  not  busy  and  if  he  is  he 
thinking.  He  should  be  experienced  should  hustle  to  get  there  to  p:et 
jp  every  process  of  the  spinning  the  machine  in  operation  again.  The 
luom  so  he  will  be  able  to  instruct  overseer,  second  hand,  and  section 
pvery  one  under  him.  He  should  be  m^^n  should  all  work  together  for 
a  man  of  good  moral  habits  and  this  is  the  proper  and  only  way  to 
conduct  himself  so  he  will  be  re-  ^^^^  a  spinning  room, 
spected  by  his  help.  The  overseer  The  frames  should  be  leveled  and 
Phould  be  on  the  move  all  the  time,  lined  and  the  spindles  set  and 
for  no  man  can  sit  in  his  ofTice  read-  plumbed.  The  guide  wires  should 
ing  papers  and  run  a  splnnmg  room,  be    set   so    that   the   inside   of   the 

65 


wire,  or  the  part  that  the  yarn  places  in  the  yarn..  The  roving 
passes  over,  will  be  directly  over  the  guides  should  be  looked  after  very 
center  of  spindle  for  this  is  very  closely  to  see  that  they  are  working 
important.  Banding  and  size  of  properly,  as  they  are  very  import- 
bands  plays  an  important  part  in  ant.  The  stroke  should  be  as  long 
spinning.  The  bands  should  be  as  it  can  practically  be  run.  For 
made  of  yarn  prepared  by  speeders  top  leather  rolls.  I  prefer  shell 
by  removing  back  and  middle  rolls  rolls  on  numbers  from  20s  up.  They 
and  setting  in  one  fine  frame  roving  should  be  sized  up  with  a  pair  of 
and  two  threads  of  warp  yarn  which  calipers  to  avoid  having  rolls  with 
makes  a  very  good  band  yarn.  You  different  diameters  on  the  same  ar- 
can  regulate  size  of  band  by  the  her.  By  matching  rolls  you  get  a 
number  of  rovings  on  band  machine,  more  uniform  yarn.  The  roll  should 
By  all  means  keep  the  bands  of  a  not  be  covered  too  tight.  The  flan- 
uniform  size  for  if  your  bands  are  nel  should  be  thick  enough  to  give 
irregular  there  will  be  more  twist  it  a  good  cushion.  The  laps  should 
in  some  yarn  than  in  others,  there-  be  dotted  so  they  can  be  put  ia 
fore  the  traveler  pull  will  be  greater  with  lap  from  you,  or  in  other 
on  some  spindles  making  it  impos-  words,  so  lap  will  not  run  against 
sible  for  you  to  regulate  your  trav-  steel  roll. 

elers.  As  to  tieing  the  bands  on,  In  regard  to  oiling,  the  first  thing 
tie  them  on  with  more  tension  than  the  oiler  should  do  in  the  morning 
they  are  to  run  with.  When  the  is  to  oil  the  head  ends,  all  gearing, 
bander  cuts  off  the  ends  after  tieing  bearings,  cylinders  and  loose  pul- 
his  knot,  teach  him  to  stop  the  band  leys.  By  that  time  the  spinners  will 
and  give  it  a  pull  to  take  the  stretch  have  their  rolls  cleaned  so  he  may 
out  of  it,  then  you  will  have  a  band  go  to  oiling  them.  He  should  be 
that  won't  stretch  much  during  its  taught  to  oil  properly  for  any  neg- 
life  and  when  it  does  give  way  it  is  lect  in  oiling  causes  break  downs 
all  at  once.  By  this  you  have  very  and  bad  running  work.  Cleaning 
little  soft  yarn.  should  be  done  systematically,  the 

The  spindles  should  be  kept  well  roll  should  be  cleaned  the  first  thing 
oiled.  Some  spinners  advocate  oil-  in  the  morning,  then  wipe  out  the 
ing  spindles  every  three  or  four  backs  or  green  boards,  next  brush 
weeks,  but  I  have  always  found  it  a  off  the  sides.  The  green  board 
good  example  to  give  every  spindle  should  be  wiped  off  twice  a  day, 
a  little  oil  every  two  weeks,  by  sides  four  times,  roving  wiped  once 
doing  this  you  don't  have  your  bases  a  day,  roll  stands  cleaned  three 
flooded  or  waste  the  oil.  When  you  times  a  week,  weights  brushed  once 
flood  the  base  you  get  more  or  less  a  week,  usually  on  Friday.  The 
on  the  band  which  destroys  it  and  doffers  should  clean  rocker  shafts, 
causes  lint  to  stick  on  it.  The  frames  sampsons,  head  and  foot  ends  twice 
are  much  harder  to  clean  too.  a  day. 

The  steel  rolls  should  be  kept  Cleanliness  is  next  to  Godliness 
clean  and  run  free  in  their  bearings,  and  this  certainly  applies  to  the  floor 
The  bearings  should  be  well  lubri-  for  nothing  looks  worse  than  a  dirty 
cated  every  week  with  the  following  floor.  The  spinners  should  be  taught 
compound:  not  to  throw  the  white  waste  on  the 

Two  pounds  of  beef  tallow  and  a  floor.  The  roving  man  should  keep 
5-cent  bag  of  powdered  sulphur,  the  tops  of  the  frames  clean  and  his 
add  together  and  mix  with  good  roving  placed  nicely  in  three  piles, 
engine  oil  to  the  consistency  of  soft  one  at  each  end  and  one  in  the 
butter.  Apply  with  a  small  wooden  middle  of  the  frame,  all  this  adds 
paddle  to  roll  necks.  If  your  rolls  considerablly  to  the  appearance  of 
are  jarring,  like  they  do  in  hot  the  room.  Everything  should  have 
weather  especially,  it  will  stop  them  a  place  and  be  kept  there.  In  ad- 
at  once.  The  stirrups  should  be  justing  the  frames,  the  rolls  should 
adjusted  so  they  will  not  rub  the  be  set  according  to  the  staple  of 
steel  rolls.  If  they  are  allowed  to  stock  being  run  and  amount  of  twist 
do  this  it  wears  the  stirrups  in  two  the  roving  contains.  For  1  inch 
and  the  roll  has  a  tendency  to  take  staple  I  would  set  my  rolls  1  1-8 
the  weight  off  the  top  rolls.  The  inches  from  center  to  center.  If  the 
weight  levers  should  be  gone  over  draft  and  twist  is  not  right  you  will 
and  adjusted  so  they  will  all  hang  have  bad  running  work.  The  draft 
level.  If  they  are  allowed  to  touch  of  the  spinning  room  is  governed 
green  board  it  takes  the  weight  off  according  to  what  is  given  it,  but 
rolls  and    causes    thick    and    thin   the  spinner  must  govern  his  twist 

66 


which  is  very  necessary     to     good  that  will  benefit  the  spinner  for  the 

punning  work.    The  superintendent  poor  fellow  is  located  between  two 

should   regulate   the  draft  through  ^.         ^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^ 

the  mill  to  the  best  interest  of  all  ,,      '         ■  .     j     i     lu 

eoncerned.    There  is  a  great  deal  to  t'^e  superintendent    thrown    in    as 

be  said  about  draft  in  the  carding  fireman  and  using  a  forced  draft. 


Number  Forty-Three. 


By  S.  L.  McCLURE,  Jamestown,  N.  C. 


To  say  how  a  spinning  room  should  properly  cleaned,  and  the  floor,  and 
be  run  is  a  big  undertaking,  as  every  left  in  good  shape  on  Saturday  Fire 
man  will  dififer  in  his  opinion,  I  Pails  filled  once  every  week  Over- 
mean  some  will  be  better  managers  seer  should  mean  nothing  but  bus- 
than  others.  This  room  is  more  dif-  [ness  in  his  room,  talk  nothing  but 
ficult  to  m.anage  than  other  rooms  business  and  do  this  only  when  nec- 
tnd  there  is  always  more  trouble  essary.  He  should  not  swear  and  get 
here,  as  the  help  is  smaller  up  on  his  toes  when  he  is  talking  to 
and  at  the  right  age  lo  give  trouble  his  ^elp  nor  should  he  allow  his  sec- 
if  they  are  not  managed  right.  To  tion  and  second  hands  to  do  this 
■tart  with,  we  need  a  man  to  run  ©itner.  -.  ,  ^  .  v. 
this  room  who  can  not  only  manage  If  overseer  will  get  where  he  can 
help,  but  can  also  manage  himself,  see  what  is  going  on,  I  believe  things 
and  in  this  way  keep  his  room  right,  will  go  better.  His  presence  has  a 
If  a  room  is  started  right  in  the  be-  good  deal  to  do  with  running  his 
tinning  it  is  much  easier  to  keep  room.  It  used  to  take  a  good  cus- 
right.  We  should  have  a  set  of  ser"  to  run  a  room  but  it  takes  a 
rules  in  this  room  to  be  carried  out  good  manager  now,  and  if  we  keep 
and  be  sure  that  they  are  carried  ourselves  right,  also  our  section  and 
♦ut.  second   hands    right,   we   can   keep 

We  should  see  that  the  room  is  our  room  right, 

•leaned  every    day,    having    a    set  The  help  must  not  use  any  knives 

lime    for    cleaning   everything   and  cutting  off  roving,   and  should  not 

•ee  that  it  is  cleaned  at  that  time,  throw  any  white  cotton  on  the  floor, 

without   your   having   to   tell   your  We  should  have  our  help  trained  to 

help  about  it  every  day.    Pick  rol-  be  at  their  places  at  starting  time 

lers    every    day,    pick    clapboards  and  to  remain  there  until  stopping 

twice   daily,   clean     clearer     sticks  time,  unless  for  a  good  cause  and 

©very  doff,  pick  steel  rollers  every  with  permission  to  leave, 

week,  wipe  roving  every  day,  top  in  Now  our  oiling  is  very  important, 

the  morning  and  bottom   at  night,  We  should  watch  this  very  closely 

wipe  back  guide  twice  daily,  wipe  and  see  that    it    is    properly    done 

guide  boards  five  times  daily,  brush  every  day.    Oil  front  top  rolls  every 

off  sides  five  times  daily,  brush  off  day,    oil    top    back    three    times    a 

fides   five   times  daily,  pick  stands  week  and  oil  front  steel  roller  every 

every  week.    Doff  boys  should  clean  day,  back  steel    roller    3    times    a 

heads  twice  daily,  rockers  and  trav-  week.     Oil  pulleys  twice  each  day 

erse  once,  clean  off  weights  and  un-  and  oil  bearings,    studs    and    gears 

derneath  frames  once  every  week,  once  each  day.    Oil  slow  parts  once 

Creel  tops  cleaned  off  once  each  day.  a    week    and    spindles    every    two 

fuills  and  bobbins  taken  off  twice  weeks  when  on  fine    yarns,    every 

flaily,  empty  roving  bobbins  kept  off  week  on  coarse  yarns. 

the  frame  at  all  times,  roving  kept  j^       ^^^  ^ands.    We  should  use  a 

m  good   shape   that   is   on  frames.  ^   moving  band   made   the   right 

Steel    rollers    should    be    scoured  fj^g  ^nd  should  see  that  band  boys 

•very  six  months.     Spmdles,   rings  j^         tj^gge   tied   on   and   not   have 

and   guide   wires   gone   over   every  ^^^     ^^  gn  ^^er  the  room  as  this 

twelve  months  and  see  that  they  are  amounts  to  a  great  deal.    Use  some 

properly   set.     Shafting  gone   over  I      ,       ,    „^^„  ^„  „„i  „„  . 

every  twelve  months  to  see  if  same  sign  when  bands  come  off,  put  up  a 

ia  properly  lined.     Ceiling,   pulleys  ^^S  or  sonrie  other  sign  so  the  band 

and  hangers  cleaned    every    week,  boy  cannot  miss  any  when  he  goes 

Hangers  oiled     every     two     weeks,  around. 

Floor  kept  clean  at  all  times.    We  Now  I  want  to    add    a    piece    of 

Should  see    that    the    frames    are  poetry  and  then  I  will  close.    I  am 

67 


going  to  head  it,  "Be  careful  what 
you  say." 

Be  careful  what  you  say, 

Be  careful  what  you  do, 

Think  of  the  harm  one  word  will  do 

To  those  we  little  know. 

Remember  cursing,  like  our  check- 
ens,  roosts  at  home, 

Don't  speak  of  others  faults  until 
we  have  none  of  our  own. 

If  we  run  this  room  right  we  must 
be  careful  what  we    say    and     do. 


There  is  a  cause  if  this  room  does 
not  go  right.  If  the  work  runs  bad 
and  if  part  of  the  spindles  are  stop- 
ped, and  you  have  no  help,  there  is 
a  cause.  If  the  room  is  in  bad 
shape,  there  is  a  cause.  I  believe 
the  main  thing  in  running  this  room 
right  is  to  have  an  overseer  that  is 
right  then  I  think  the  room  will  go 
right.  Take  the  causes  out.  We  all 
have  causes,  more  or  less,  and  some 
more  than  others  and  if  we  will  get 
rid  of  them  this  room  will  go  better. 


Number  Forty-Four. 

By  E.  L.  SHERIDAN,  Jefferson,  Ga. 

Practical  spinners  know  that  good  er  parts  of  the  frame  that  is  o» 
cardmg  is  one  thmg  necessary  to  fast  speed  and  once  a  week  on  slow 
make  good  spmnmg.  From  experi-  motion  parts  and  on  spindles  every 
ence  I  find  that  an  overseer  must  two  weeks.  Use  good  oil  and  be 
stay  on  his  job  and  keep  his  eyes  sure  that  it  is  free  from  fine  grit, 
open.  You  can't  run  a  spinning  Use  plenty  of  oil,  but  what  you  have 
rooni  successfully  in  a  chair,  or  out  been  putting  on  the  fioor  and  other 
at  the  store.  Good  running  work,  places  where  it  is  not  needed,  leave 
a  smooth  temper  and  you  will  have  that  in  the  tanks, 
all  the  help  you  need  and  to  have  To  handle  help,'  you  should  speak 
this  IS  to  stay  on  your  job,  and  look  to  them  everywhere  you  meet  them 
after  all  the  little  things.  and  when  they  are  at  work,     have 

You  cannot  depend  upon  a  second  no  foolishness  with  them  at  all,  but 
hand  for  all  of  this  for  he  won't  run  mean  business  all  the  time  when 
a  job  like  you  or  I  did  when  we  were  they  are  under  your  employment, 
second  hands.  I  find  this  to  be  true  when  you  "jack  them  up,"  speak 
from  practical  experience  and  I  kindly  to  them  and  if  kindness  is 
think  the  majority  will  agree  with  shown  them  and  then  vou  cannot 
me  on  this.  gg^  ^long,  let  them  go.  They  will  all 

Setting  Rolls— Go  in  your  room  see  this  after  awhile  and  you  will 
and  look  down  the  spinning  sides  have  a  good,  contented  set  of  help, 
and  see  if  it  doesn't  look  like  you  Cleaning  depends  upon  what  num- 
can  see  thin  places  on  every  bob-  ber  of  yarn  you  are  on,  the  finer 
bin.  Don't  go  and  jump  on  the  card-  the  yarn,  the  less  cleaning  is  re- 
er  before  you  see  what  you  can  do.  quired,  but  have  some  system 
Set  your  rolls  up  a  little  and  stop  about  it  and  have  it  done  often 
the  biggest  portion  of  this.  Say  you  enough  to  keep  it  clean, 
are  on  a  7-8  inch  staple  (that  is  White  cotton  upon  the  floor  is  a 
about  what  I  find  this  year's  run  of  very  important  thing.  Have  somp 
cotton)  put  your  steel  rolls  from  aprons  made  with  large  pockets  and 
center  to  center  one  inch  and  your  make  your  spinners  wear  them  and 
leather  rolls  15-16  inch  and  then  put  the  white  cotton  in  the  pockets 
take  a  look  at  your  yarn  and  see  if  and  then  in  a  box  and  not  on  the 
the  thin  places  have  not  decreased  floor  around  the  box.  A  large  spin- 
to  a  considerable  extent.  ning   room   can    throw   away   hun- 

Oiling  is  a  very  important  thing  ^reds  of  dollars  worth  of  cotton  in 
Don't  go  by  the  oil  you  see  on  the  ^^^  ^"^  o^  a  year.  This  should  be 
floor,  or  on  the  machinery  where  it  looked  after  very  closely  and  keep 
is  not  needed,  but  see  that  there  is  ^^^  ^ood  cotton  out  of  the  waste 
a  plenty  put  on  front  rolls  every  house. 

morning   after    the   spinners    clean      Travelers— I     prefer     a     square- 
them  and  in  the  stands  and  all  oth-  noint  traveler  on  a  ring  that    has 

68 


been  run  for  some  years.  I  can  get    than   a    round   point   binder    these 
better  results  from  a  square  point  conditions. 

Number  Forty-Five. 


By  C.  F.  McCALL,  Brevard,  N.  G. 


In  the  beginning  I  will  say  that  lowing  the  spindle  to  be  pulled  out 

the  first  thing  for  a  spinner  to  do  to  by   the   spinner  or   doffer  and   the 

be  an  efficient  manager  of  his  room  band  becoming  entangled  with  othei 

is  to  make  a  study  of  the  help,  that  bands,  breaking  off   three   or  four 

is  find  out  the  temperaments  of  the  more.    Spinner  throwing  white  caps 

various  operatives  under  his  charge,  on  the  floor,  especially  full  bobbins, 

Then  work  to  the  end  to  win  their  which  nine  times  out    of    ten    are 

confidence  and  esteem.    Having  done  ruined  on  account  of  getting  dirty 

this,   the  rest  will  come  easy.    An  oil  on  them.    Doffer  boys  stopping 

efficient  overseer  will  then  proceed  two  or  more  frames  at  a  time  for 

to  attend  to  his  several  duties.  diffmg,  thereby    losing    production. 

First,  he  will  weigh  the  yarn  from  Spinner  fanning  out  guides  making 
the  samples  of  roving  sent  from  the  slubs  on  the  yarn,  band  boy  tieing 
carder.  Then  he  should  gather  one  band  around  two  whirls,  head 
samples  at  random,  never  less  than  doffer  standing  at  the  end  of  frame 
16  to  24,  weighing  each  one  separ-  swearing  at  the  weaker  doffer  in- 
ately  and  sending  the  weights  to  the  stead  of  assisting  him,  and  right 
carder,  to  the  superintendent,  and  here  I  will  say  that  I  have  found 
keeping  one  on  file.  This  should  be  head  doffers  an  unnecessary  ex- 
done  twice  each  day  by  the  overseer  pense.  And  a  lot  of  other  small 
himself  and  not  by  the  second  hand,  things  that  a  second  hand  can  see 

Second,  he  should  see  to  it  that  he  if  he  is  the  fellow  that  wants  your 

has  a  second  hand  that  can  be  de-  job  when  you  are  promoted,  or  fired 

pended  on,  one  that  is  capable  of  out  as  the  case  may  be. 

looking   ahead   and    foreseeing   the  ^n  efficient  overseer  will  see  to  it 

dangers  that  lurk  in  levers  resting  that  his  frames  are  in  good  physical 

on  back  Doards,  back  saddles  turned  condition  at  all  times.     Steel   rolls 

upside  down,  spindles  vibrating  on  should  be  taken  out    and    cleaned 

account  of  not  being  oiled,  travelers  once  each  year.    He    should    know 

not  changed  at  the  specified  time,  carding  to  some  extent  and  should 

steel  rolls  not  cleaned  each  week,  j^gep   a  close  watch  on  his  roving 

top  rolls  not  cleaned  each  morning,  ^nd  report  to  the  carder  anv  defects 

top  clearers    not    picked,     thereby  ^g  ^^ay  find.    And  with  the  proper 

causing  slubs  of  clearer  waste  to  be  , ,, •  „  f^„  ,>,„L-,-r,o.  ♦>,«  hqo.voh 

drawn  through  the  front  rolls  tear-  ^^"^  ^^^^"^  ^^^^  making  the  desired 

ing  down   ends   and   making  gouty  yarns  ,and  system  in  his  room,  he 

yarn.    Doffer  guards  broken  off  al-  should  be  an  efficient  manager. 


m 


